class X REPRODUCTION previous year board questions with answers

Reproduction for  Exam 

1. Give and advantage of vegetative propagation. 
Ans: Propagation of plants which have lost the capacity to produce seeds
          Plants raised by this method can bear fruits earlier
          Produce genetically similar plants

2. Variation is useful for the survival of species over time. But the variants have unequal chances of survival. Explain this statements 

Ans: - If organisms are suited to a particular niche, drastic changes in the niche could wipe out that population
=>  If some variations are there, few individuals might survive
=> Depending on whether the variations are useful to the change in the environment some variants survive whereas others do not

3. Explain happens when :
(a) Testosterone is released in males              (b) Pollen grain falls on the stigma of the flower. 
(c) Egg fuses with sperm cell.                            (d) Planaria is cut into many pieces.
(e) Buds are formed on the notches of the Bryophyllum leaf.     

Ans: (a) Secondary sexual characters                                        (b) Pollen tube formed for fertilization
         (c) Fertilization                                                                          (d) Each part grows into a new organism
        (e) Fall on the soil and forms new plants              

4. Some flowers contain either stamens or carpel’s whereas some flowers contain both categorise the two types of flowers and give one example of each. 

 Ans: Either stamens/carpels – Unisexual,             e.g. – papaya/watermelon
         Both – Bisexual,       e.g. – Hibiscus/mustard               

5. Compare the processes of binary fission and multiple fission using diagrams. 

 Ans: Binary fission-division into two equal halves
         Multiple fission – division into many daughter cells                            Diagram [yourself]

6. Differentiate between the following :
(a) Pollen tube and Style                                                      (b) Fission in Amoeba and Plasmodium 
(c) Fragmentation and Regeneration                               (d) Bud of Hydra and bud of Bryophyllum 
(e) Vegetative propagation and Spore formation 

Ans: (a) Pollen tube – Carries male germs cell
               Style – Carries pollen tube
(b) Fission in Amoeba – Binary fission
      Plasmodium – Multiple fission
(c) Fragmentation – Simple multicellular organisms
     Regeneration – Complex multicellular organisms
(d) Budding
     Vegetative propagation
(e) Vegetative propagation – Formation of new plants from leaves, root and stem
      Spore formation – reproduction by spores

7. What is the effect of DNA copying which is not perfectly accurate on the reproduction process?

Ans. During the process of DNA copying, some mutations are produced which give rise to useful, harmful or neutral variations in the offspring.

8. Why do testes lie outside the abdominal cavity?

Ans. Testes are present inside a fibrous covering called scrotum or scrotal sac. The scrotum helps in maintaining 1–3 degree Centigrade lower temperature than the body temperature. This is necessary for the development of sperms.

9. The organisms formed by asexual reproduction are considered as clones. Why?

Ans:  This is because In asexual reproduction, the young ones formed are genetically identical to the parents.

 10. Draw the diagrams to explain the process of regeneration in Planaria. Name any other organism in which a similar process occur. 

Ans:  Regeneration in Planaria — Planaria have the ability to give rise to new individuals from their body parts. This process is called regeneration. If the body of Planaria is somehow cut or broken up into many pieces, each piece grows into a complete organism                    .
Figure 8.3 Regeneration in Planaria NCERT
Other organism in which a similar process occur are: Hydra, Lizard etc

 11. List any four method of contraception used by humans? How does their use have direct effect on the health and prosperity of a family?

Ans:  Following are the four method of contraception used by humans :- 
Barriers: Here a mechanical barrier is created so that the sperms cannot penetrate the egg. It Include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults.
Intra uterine devices (IUDs) : They release hormones to cause phagocytosis of sperms, or they release copper ions to decrease sperm motility.
Oral contraceptive pills: They contain hormones—either progesterone or progesterone- oestrogen combination, which causes hormonal imbalance of the body.

Surgical methods : Include vasectomy (removal of a part of the vas deferens) in males and tubectomy (removal of a part of the fallopian tubes) in females.

 Use of these contraceptive devices helps in preventing unwanted pregnancies. They can prevent the chances of frequent pregnancies which otherwise affect the health of a mother. They help in family planning by controlling the number of children in a family. So, that proper care is provided to the children and that also reduces the chances of poverty.

Use of contraceptive devices also reduces the chances of getting sexually transmitted diseases such As AIDS. In this way, the birth control methods play important roles in the health and prosperity of the family.

 12. Answer these Questions

(a) Give one examples of each unisexual and bisexual flower
(b) Mention the changes a flower under goes after fertilization
(c) How does the amount of DNA remain constant though each new generation is combination of DNA copes of two individuals?

Ans: (a) The flowers in which either the male or the female reproducative organs are present only, are called unisexual flowers. They are called incomplete flowers. They undergo cross-pollination in order to reproduce.
Example - Papaya, Watermelon, Corn, etc.

The flowers in which both the male and female reproductive organs are present, are known as complete or bisexual flowers. They are capable of self-pollination.
Example - Mustard, rose, lily, hibiscus, etc.

(b) After fertilization the petals,stamen and carpel fall off and only sepal,ovary and ovule remain. This is because after fertilization the ovary develops into fruit and protect the seeds, these seeds are actually fertilized ovule. But, carpels and petals do not have any role after fertilization so they fall off. After fertilization, the outer layers of the ovule become impervious, hard and function as a seed coat. An ovule with an embryo inside is called a  seed  .

(c) In sexual reproduction the gametes usually contain half number of chromosomes compared to the chrome gametes and some numbers present in the body cells. These haploid gametes when fuse produce a new cell with double number of chromosomes than the gametes and same as the body cells. In this way organisms restrict doubling of DNA and maintain the chromosome number.

13. Answer these Questions        
(a) Name the reproductive part of humane female reproductive system:
(i) That produce egg
(ii) where fussion of egg and sperm takes place
(iii) where zygot get implanted

(b) Describe what happen to the zygote after it get implanted

Ans: (a)    (i) ovaries           (ii) oviduct[Fallopian tube]       (iii) In the lining of the uterus
(b) The fertilized egg, the zygote, gets implanted in the lining of the uterus, and starts dividing . The lining thickens and is richly supplied with blood to nourish the growing embryo

14. Q. Name the information sources making protein in the cell? What is the basic event in reproduction?

 Ans: The information source for making proteins in the cells: gene specific for that protein
Basic event of reproduction: replication of DNA

 15. (a)Write the name of those parts of a flower which serve the same functional as the following do in the animals:
(i) Testis (ii) sperm (iii) ovary (iv) egg   (b) State the function of flower in the flowering plants 

Ans:  (a) (i) Testis : Anther
In animals, testis is the male reproductive organ that produces sperms. Similarly, in plants, anther is the male reproductive part that produces pollen grains.
(ii) Sperm : Pollen grains
Sperm is a male gamete in animals. In plants, pollens are male gametes. The generative cell of pollen divides to produce two nuclei called male gametes.

(iii) Ovary : Ovary
In animals, ovary is the female reproductive organ that produces eggs. Similarly, in plants, ovary is the female reproductive organ that contains ovules.

(iv) Egg : Ova/Ovum
Eggs in animals are also called ova. In plants, eggs are present inside the female gametophyte, i.e., ovule.

(b) The function of flowers in flowering plants is to assist in sexual reproduction. Flower is the most important part in angiosperms because the reproductive parts are located inside it.

 16. What is the main difference between sperms and eggs of humans? Write the importance of this difference. 

Ans:
Difference between sperms and eggs of humans:
The major genetic differences lies in the difference in sex chromosome of sperm (male gamete) and egg( female gamete). Sperm has Y chromosome as sex chromosome, while egg has X chromosome as sex chromosome. There is a marked difference in  size, shape, metabolic activity, cytoplasm content, motility, etc in the sperms and eggs.


Human eggs are much larger than sperms and are highly metabolically active cells. They contain more amount of cytoplasm.

Importance of the difference:

The difference in the sperm and egg cells maintains the continuity of the species generation after generation by the process of reproduction.

 17. How is the process of regeneration in Planariadifferent from reproduction? 

Ans: Different from asexual reproduction:

The reproduction in planaria is different from the asexual reproduction because in the asexual reproduction, a complete individual is formed while in planariathe body parts are regenerated.

Different from sexual reproduction:

 It is entirely different from the sexual reproduction because in sexual reproduction male and female gamete fuses and zygote is formed.

18. What is placenta? State its function in human female. 

Ans: Placenta is a special umbilical cord develops in the fourth week which establishes an intimate connection between the foetal membrane and he uterine wall.

Function of Placenta:
The exchange of materials between the mother’s blood and the blood of foetus takes place through placenta. It serves as a nutritive, respiratory and excretory organ of the foetus.

19.Name the part where    
(i) eggs develop.   (ii) fertilisation take place.   (iii) fertilised egg gets implanted.
(b) Describe, in brief, the changes the uterus undergoes.  
(i) to receive the zygote.   (ii) if zygote is not formed.

Ans:
(a) (i) The development of egg occurs in the ovary.
(ii) Fertilisation takes place in the fallopian tubes.
(iii) The fertilised egg gets implanted in the uterus.
 (b) (i) The uterus prepares itself every month to receive a fertilised egg/zygote. The inner uterus lining (endometrium) becomes thick and is supplied with blood to nourish the embryo.
(ii) If the egg is not fertilised, then the uterus lining is not required. Hence, it breaks down and gets released in the form of blood and mucous through the vagina. This process lasts for 2–8 days. This cycle occurs every month and is known as menstruation.

20. (a) What is pollination? State its significance.
(b) How does fertilisation occur in flowers? Name the parts of the flower that develop into (i) seed, and (ii) fruit after fertilisation.
Ans:
(a) The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower is known as pollination. It is of two types:
(i) Self-pollination
It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
(ii) Cross-pollination
It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower present on two different plants.

Significance of pollination:
(i) It is a significant event because it precedes fertilisation.
(ii) It brings the male and female gametes closer for the process of fertilisation.
(iii) Cross-pollination introduces variations in plants because of the mixing of different genes. These variations further increase the adaptability of plants towards the environment or surroundings.

(b) Double fertilisation is a characteristic feature of flowering plants. In this process, out of the two sperm nuclei, one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo (process is called syngamy) and another fuses with the polar nucleus to form an endosperm (process is called triple fusion). Because two kinds of fusion—syngamy and triple fusion—take place, the process is known as double fertilisation.
After fertilisation,
(i) the ovule develops into a seed
(ii) the ovary develops into a fruit

21.Q. (a) Name the following parts:
(i) Part that produces pollen grain                  (ii) Part that transfers male gametes to the female gametes
(iii) Part that is sticky to trap the pollen grain     (iv) Part the develops into a fruit
(b) Differentiate between pollination and fertilization.

Ans: (a) (i) Part that produces pollen grain: anther              (ii) Part that transfers male gamete to the female gamete: style
(iii) sticky part to trap pollen grain: stigma                               (iv) Part that develops into fruit: Ovary     
(b) Pollination
1. Pollination is the process of transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the same or different flower.
2. It takes place with the help of pollinations like wind, water insects etc.
Fertilization
1. Fertilization is the process of fusion of male gamete with the female gamete.
2. It takes place by the growth of pollen tube towards the ovary.

 22. Q. a) Explain the role of placenta in the development of human embryo.
(b) Give example of two bacterial and two viral sexually transmitted diseases. Name the most effective contraceptive which prevents spread of such disease.      
Ans: (a) Placenta is a temporary organ which is formed from the tissues derived from the foetus and the mother. The placenta contains villi on the embryo’s side of tissue and blood spaces on the mother side of tissue. The blood space surrounds the villi. The villi provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the embryo. Thus, through placenta, the maternal blood passes food (glucose, amino acids, lipids and proteins), oxygen, hormones, water, antibodies to the foetal blood and the foetal metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, urea) pass into the maternal blood.

(b) BACTERIAL INFECTION – which includes gonorrhoea (inflammation of mucus membrane of urinogenital tract) and syphilis (lesions in the mucus membrane of urinogential tract).
VIRAL INFECTION – which includes warts, HIV-AIDS, Hepatitis-B.                              
Use of condoms can prevent the spread of these diseases to a great extent

23. What is the role of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland?
Ans: Seminal Vesicle:  Its secretion form a major part of the semen (60%). Its secretion is alkaline in nature which neutralizes the effect of acid in the female genital tract. It has fructose sugar which provides nutrition and energy to the sperm.
Prostate gland: Its secretion form 13-33% of semen. It helps in sperm motility and viability(chances of striking the ovum).
Cowper 's gland: Its secretion lubricates the end of male reproductive part during copulation.

CLASS X-HISTORY-NATIONALISM IN INDIA-MORE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA CLASS X

Q.1.   How was the first World War responsible for the growth of the Indian national movement?

Ans: First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation.

1. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes:

2. Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.

3. Through the war years prices increased –doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme

          hardship for the common people.

4. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused

         wide spread anger.

5. Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food.

   This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million    people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.

People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen.

Q.2.   Explain the idea of Satyagraha?

Ans:  The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

Q.3.   Arrange the following in Chronological Order.

Ans:  a) Congress adopts the demand for ‘Purna Swaraj’.

          b)Second Round Table Conference.

          c)Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement launched.

          d)Chauri Chaura

          e)Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

          f)Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt law at Dandi.

Ans.  e, c,d,a,f,b

Q.4.     How did Gandhiji want the Non Cooperation Movement to unfold? Explain                                                                                                                       Ans.     Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

Q.5    Different social groups that participated in the civil disobedience movement. Why did they join the movement?

Ans. 1. In the countryside rich peasant communities, being producers of commercial crops, they were very  hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.

          2. The poorer peasantry were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand.

          3. Business classes wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee

            sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.

Q.6.   What do you know about the Rowlatt Act? How did Gandhiji plan to oppose this act?How did the Colonial government react to the popular upsurge?

Ans: a)This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities,and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

          b)Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April1919.Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down.

          c) Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.

On 10 April 1919, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.                   d)On 13 April 1919 the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds   

Q.7.   Write how Indians began to have a sense of national identity and a feeling of collective belonging?

 Ans:    The sense of nationalism and a feeling of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. Apart from that the following efforts by intellectuals, scholars and nationalist leaders helped to reinforce those feelings:

          (i) through reinterpretation of history. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians felt that to instill a sense of pride in the nation         

            (ii) As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more aware of such icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism..

            (iii) Movement to revive Indian folklore. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces..

            (iv) Leaders created an image of the nation in the form of ‘Bharat Mata’.This helped to create an image with which people can identify the nation.   

Q.8    Write about the significance of the Poona Pact of September 1932.

            Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed

that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Q.10  Write about the role played by women in our struggle for freedom.

           Women picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. In urban areas these women were from high-caste families; in rural areas they came from rich peasant households. Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. Yet, this increased public role did not necessarily mean any radical change in the way the position of women was visualised. Gandhi

was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives. And for a long time the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position

of authority within the organisation. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.

CLASS X HISTORY-Print Culture and Modern World-Revision notes, MCQ,SA, LA with Answer

Print Culture and Modern World

  Important Concepts of the Lesson -   1.  The classical literature and the knowledge in all the spheres of  

      life was stimulated by printing press.

2. The earliest printing techniques were developed in China in the second century A.D.
3. The Chinese thought of carving raised characters on a block of wood, wetting them with ink and pressing a sheet of paper against them until the characters were printed on the papers
4. The modern printing presses were established in India by the British. The pioneer of the press in India was Mr. Hicky.
5. The invention of printing press and the production of cheap paper made the production cost.
6. Printing has provided a wonderful means of promoting trade it is an act of spreading information about anything with a commercial object.
7. Penny Magazine – The magazines were meant especially for women, as manuals were for teaching behavior and house keeping.
8. Vellum—A parchment made from the Skim of animals.
9. Ballad—A historical account of folk tale in verse usually sung or recited.
10. The press is a very powerful weapon for  mouldery and directed public opinion.

Multiple Choice Questions

Q.1: - What is calligraphy?

            (a)        Poetry                          (b)        Textbooks

            (c)        Flowers arrangement   (d)       Stylized

Q.2.: - What was Gutenberg’s first printed book?

            (a)        Ballads                                    (b)        Dictionary

            (c)        Bible                                        (d)       None of these

Q.3: -What were ‘Penny Chapbooks’?

            (a)        Pocket – sized books  (b)        Journals

            (c)        Ritual Calendars                     (d)       Newspaper

Q.4: - Who introduced the printing press in India-

            (a)        French                                     (b)        Italian 

(c)        Portuguese                              (d) None of these

Q.5: - Who wrote ‘My childhood My university’.

            (a)        Thomas wood                         (b)        Maxim Gorky

            (c)        George Eliot                            (d)       Jane Austen

Q.6: - When was the Vernacular press act passed?

            (a)        1878                (b)        1887                (c)        1867                (d)       1898

Q.7: - Who said, “Printing is the ultimate gift of god and the greatest one.”

            (a)        Charles Dickens                      (b)        J. V. Schely

            (c)        Mahatma Gandhi                    (d)       Martin Luther

Q.8: - Which is the oldest printed book of Japan

            (a)        Bible                                        (b)        Diamond Sutra

            (c)        Mahabharta                             (d)       Ukiyo

Q.9: - Who wrote 95 theses?

            (a)        Martin Luther                          (b)        Johann Gutenbery

            (c)        J. V. Schley                             (d)       Charles Dickens

Q.10:- Who authored ‘Gitagovinda’?

            (a)        Jayadeva                                 (b)        Raja Ram Mohan Roy

            (c)        J. A. Hickey                            (d)       Chandu Menon

Q.11:- Who wrote ‘Amar Jibon’?

            (a)        Rockay Hossein                      (b)        Rashsundari Devi

            (c)        Tara Bai Shinde                      (d)       Kailashashini Debi

Q.12:-Which of the following travelers brought back the art of wood block painting to Italy

(a)        Paes                                         (b)        Marco Polo                 

(c)        Magellon                                 (d)       Dominigos

Q.13: - Printing Press first come to India with—

            (a)        The Dutch                               (b)        Portuguese missionaries

            (c)        The French                              (d)       The English

Q.14: - Name the paper started by Bal Gangashar Tilak

            (a)        The Kesari                               (b)        The Young India

            (c)        The Statesman                         (d)       Amrita Bazar Patrika

Q.15: - The Book gulamgiri dealt with—

            (a)        Restriction on vernacular press           (b)        911 Treatment of widows

            (c)        Injustices of caste system                   (d)       None of these

Answer Key of  Multiple Choice Questions

1. (d)               2. (c)                3. (a)                4. (c)                5. (b)                6. (a)                7.  (d)

8. (b)                9.(a)                 10.(a)               11.(b )              12.(d )             13.(b)               14. (a)

15.(c)

Short Answers

Q.1: - Explain any three features of handwritten manuscripts before the age of print in India?

Ans.:-  1. They were copied on palm leaves or on handmade papers.

2. Pages were beautifully illustrated.

            3. They were pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.

4. Manuscripts were available in vernacular languages.

5. Highly expensive & fragile.

6. They could not be read easily as script was written in different styles.

7. They were not widely used in everyday life.

                 Any other relevant point.

Q.2: - Why did the woodblock method become popular in Europe?

Ans.:- 1. Production of handwritten manuscripts could not meet the ever increasing demand for books.

2. Copying was an expensive, labourious and time consuming business.

3. The manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle and could not be carried around or read easily.

4. By the early 15^th century, woodblocks started being widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing

    cards and religious pictures with simple, brief texts.

Q.3: - What was the role of new ‘visual image’ culture in printing in India?

Ans.:-   1.   In the end of 19^th century a  new visual culture had started.

             2.   With the increasing number of printing presses visual images could be easily reproduced in

                   multiple copies.

3.   Painters like ‘Raja Ravi Verma’ produced images for mass circulation.

1.      Cheap prints and calendars were brought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their houses.

Q.4: - “Print popularized the ideas of the idea of the enlightenment thinkers.”  Explain.

Ans.:- 1. Collectively the writings of thinkers provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism.

2. Scholars and thinkers argued for the rule of reason rather than custom and demanded that  

    everything to be judged through the application of reason and rationality.

3. They attacked the sacred authority of the church and the despotic power of the state thus eroding  

     the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition.

4. The writing of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely and those who read these books saw the

     world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning critical and rational.

Q.5: - Why is china called the major producer of printed material.

Ans.:-  1. The imperial state in china was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material.

2. China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through the civil service  

     examination.

3. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers, under the sponsorship of the imperial   

     state. From the 16^th century, the number of candidates went up and the increased the volume of  

     print.

Long Answer type Questions

Q.1: - How print revolution led to the development of reading mania in Europe.

Ans.:-As literacy and schools spread in European countries there was a virtual reading mania.

1. A new forms of popular literature appeared to target new readers

2. There were ritual calendars along with ballads and folk tales.

3. In England penny chapbooks were carried by petty peddlers known as chapmen and sold for a

     penny, So that even poor could buy them.

4. In France these law priced books were called Biliotheque Bleue as they were bound in cheap blue

     covers.

5. There were romances, histories, books of various sixes, serving developed to combine information     

     on current affairs with entertainment.

6. Periodical pressed developed to combine information on current affairs with entertainment.

7. The idea of scientists and scholars had now become more accessible to the common people.

Q.2: - How did oral culture enter print and how was the printed material transmitted orally. Explain

Ans.:- Oral culture entered print into the following ways –

            1. Printers published popular ballads and folktales.

            2. Books were profusely illustrated with pictures. Printed material was transmitted orally in the    

                 following ways.

1. These were sung at gathering in villages, taverns and in towns.

2. They were recited in public gathering.

Q.3: - Explain the impact of print on Indian women.

Ans.:-  1. Writers started writing about the lives and features of women and this increased the number of     

              women readers.

2. Women writers write their own autobiography. They highlighted the condition of women, their    

     ignorance and how they forced to do hard domestic labour.

3. A large section of Hindu writing was devoted to the education of women.

4. In the early 20^th century the journals written by women become very popular in which women’s   

     education, widowhood, widow remarriage were discussed.

5. Many writers published how to teach women to be obedient wives.

Q.4: - By the end of the 19th century a new visual cultural was taking shapes. Write any three features

          of this new visual culture.

Ans.:-  1. Visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.

            2. Printers produced images for mass circulation cheap prints and calendars could be brought even by     

                the poor.

            3. By the 1870’s caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and news papers.

            4. Mass production of cost and visual images reduced the cost of production. So cheap prints and  

                calendars were available in the market even for the poor to decorate the walls of their homes.

Q.5: - ‘Many Historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which the French

            Revolution occurred.’ Explain.

Ans.:-  1. The print popularized the ideas of the enlightened thinkers who attacked

     the authority of the church and the despotic power of the state.

2. The print created a new culture of dialogue and debate and the public

    become aware of reasoning. They recognized the need to question the

    existing ideas and beliefs.

3. The literature of 1780’s mocked the royalty and criticized their morality

    and the existing social order. This literature led to the growth of hostile

    sentiments against.

CLASS X HISTORY -NATIONALISM IN INDIA REVISION POINTS, MCQ, SHORT/LONG QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

NATIONALISM IN INDIA

Important Concepts of the Lesson- Nationalism in India developed in the colonial context. Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India from Africa in 1915. Under his leadership several mass movements were organized.

1. The first world war, Khilafat and Non Cooperation movement-

1) War and its effects- Huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Through the years, the prices increased, doubling between 1913- 1918 leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

2) Gandhiji and Satyagraha- Champaran in Bihar (1916) Kheda in Gujarat (1917). In 1919 nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlett Act was launched by Gandhi. 13^th April  and Jallianwalla Bagh  massacre, world war I and Khilafat issued, At the Congress session at Nagpur in Dec 1920, a compromise was worked out and Non-cooperation programme was adopted. Movements in towns, Rebellion in country side

2) Towards civil Disobedience-

(1) Swaraj Party was founded by C.R .Das and Motilal Nehru for return to council Politics.

(2) Simon commission and boycott

(2)  Lahore congress and demand for purna swaraj

3) Dandi march and the civil Disobedience movements- (1) Government’s repressive policy 2) Gandhi Irwin Pact and failure of round table conference. 3) Relaunching of movements.

4) Who participated in the movements - the rich peasant communities the poor peasantry the industrial workers in Nagpur and a large scale participation of women, took active part in the movement.

5) Limits of the movements ;less participation by untouchables. - Ambedker for separate electorate and Poona pact.

6) The sense of collective belonging- this sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles, role of folklore and songs.  2. Identity of India and Bharat Mata.

MCQ                                                                                                              1 Marks

Q.1 Which of the following in true with reference of Satyagraha?

(A)  It emphasized the muscle power (B)  It emphasized the Power of truth

(C) Gandhiji successfully fought the racist regime of South Africa with the novel method.

a) Only A is true   b) Only B is true   c) Both A and B are true   d) Both B and C are true                                           

Q.2 In which place congress session of September 1920 held.

a) Nagpur   b) Calcutta    C) Lahore    d) Madras          

Q.3 Who was the leader of the Peasant Movements of Awadh?

a) Alluri Sitaram Raju    b) Baba Ramchandra       c) Mahatma Gandhi    d) None of the above                                                      

Q.4 Under which act the Plantation workers of Assam were not permitted to leave the tea garden?

a) The Rowlett Act   b) Cripps Mission    c) The Inland Migration act     d) The Inland  Emigration act                                       

Q.5 Name the leaders who founded Swaraj Party?

a) CR Das and Motilal Nehru     b) CR Das and Jawaharlal Nehru

c) CR Das and Gandhiji             d) CR Das and Dr B.R Ambedkar

Q.6 At which of the following place did Gandhiji make salt out of sea water

(a) Ahmedabad    (b)     Wardha     (c)     Sabarmati    (d)    Dandi

Q.7 Who wrote 'Hind Swaraj?

a) Subhas Chandra Bose       b) Jawaharlal Lal Nehru     c) Mahatma Gandhi      d) Sardar Patel                                                              Q.8 Which incident forced Gandhiji to halt the Non – cooperation movement?

A) Jallianwala Bagh  massacre   b) The Rowlett act   c) Chauri Chaura

d) Arrest of Alluri Sitaram raju                                      

Q.9 Who among the following led the civil disobedience movement in Peshawar ?

a) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad  b) Mohammad Ali  c) Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan    d) None of the above                                         

Q.10 Who first created the image of Bharatmata?

(a) Abanindranath  Tagore     (b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

(C) Rabindra nath Tagore         d) None of the above      

Q.11. Which of the following method was not adopted by Dr B.R. Ambedkar to uplift the Dalits?

(a)  He signed Poona pact    (b) He called them Harijans  (C) He demanded separate electorates for them  (d) He organized them into Depressed classes association in 1930    

Answer Key of  Multiple Choice Questions

 1. ( d )                         2. ( b )              3. ( b )               4. ( d )              5. ( a )           6. ( d )             7. ( c )         

 8. ( c)              9. ( c )              10. ( b )            11. ( b )           

                                      

Short Answer questions                                                                   

Q.1 What were the effects of non cooperation on the economic front?

Ans. Foreign goods were boycotted, Liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire, many traders refused to import foreign cloth, the import of foreign cloth reached to half.

Q.2 What were the causes for the gradual slowing down of the Non- co operation movement in the   

        city?

Ans. (1) Khadi was more expensive than the mill produced cloth and the poor could not afford it.

(2) British institutions were boycotted but the process of establishing Indian institutions was slow so the students and teachers started joining the British institution again.

Q.3 Describe the main events leading to civil disobedience.

Ans. 1) World wide economic depression

2) Simon commission was constituted in 1929 and no Indian member was appointed.

3) Lord Irwin announced that Dominion State would be granted to India.

4) At the Lahore congress session resolution for purna swaraj was passed.

Q.4 what did freedom mean to Plantation workers in Assam?

Ans. 1) Right to none freely in and out of their enclosures.

2)  Retaining link with their villages

3) They were not allowed to leave the tea garden without permission which they wanted.

Q.5 What was the role of women in the civil Disobedience movement?

Ans. 1) Participated in the salt satyagrah in large number.

2) They participated in protest marches and also manufactured salt.

3) Many  women went to jails

4) In rural areas the women considered service to the nation a sacred duty.

Q.6 Explan the problems faced in unifying people.

Ans. All credits of glorious past were attributed to the Aryans and their contributions, therefore it became difficult to bring all communities on a single platform.

Q.7 Why and how is the identity of a nation symbolized in a Figure.

Ans. It helps create an image with which people can identify the nation.

2) With the growth of nationalism identify of India came to be associated with the image of Bharat Mata.

Long answer questions                                                                      

Q.1 What was the outcome of the Poona pact? How was it benefitial to the dalits?

Ans. The Poona pact of sept 1932 gave the depressed classes reserved seat in provincial and central legislative councils but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Q.2 Explain the differences that emerged the congress and the Muslim league on Political issues.

Ans. The important differences were over the question of representation in the future assemblies  that were to be elected. Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim league was willing to give up that demand for separate electorates if Muslim were given reserved seats in the central assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim  dominated provinces.

Q.3 How did Mahatma Gandhi organize Satyagraha in various places in India ?

Ans. In 1917 he traveled in champaran , Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against oppressive plantation system.

2) In 1919 he organized Satyagraha to support peasants of Kheda in Gujarat.

3) In 1918 he went to Ahmedabad to organize this movement amongst cotton mill workers.

4) In 1919 he launched Satyagraha against Rowlett act.

Q.4 Explain the factors responsible for the growth of nationalism in the later half of the 19^th century.

Ans. 1) Economic exploitation   2) Administrative and economic unification of the country. 

        3) Western education'   4) Development of Press.

Extra questions

Q.1 What do you know about peasants movement in Awadh? Explain

Q.2 What do you know about Gandhi Irwin pact?  

Q.3 What was Khilafat movement?

Q.4 What do you know about Alluri Sitaram Raju

Q.5 What were the causes of withdrawal of non co operation movement?

Q.6 Explain the impact of the Jalliawala incident on the people.

Q.7 How could the non co operation become a movement? Explain

Q.8 How was civil disobedience movement different from Non cooperation movement?