SOCIAL SCIENCE              SA-2        FOR CLASS-VIII

Prepared by Rabisankar Sahu, Success Point, Boudh

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         Read the entire paper thoroughly in the time allotted for this separately.

         Stay calm.

         Write correct question number boldly in the left margin.

         Attempt all parts of the question at one place. Number them appropriately.

         Be specific. Write to the point. Give points in required number only.

         Leave some space before starting a new question. Draw a line in between the answers of two questions if possible.

         Number each point & highlight main points. If possible, suitable headings.

         In writing answers you must underline key terms, concepts & points to highlight them.

         Use correct spelling & proper grammatical sentences while writing answers.

         Don’t waste time in pondering over a difficult question.

         Fasten the Map inside the answer book.

         Check & Recheck the answers in the last 10-15 minutes before submitting the answer book.

         Maintain neatness & accuracy in the answer book. Don’t give wrong data.

DIRECTIONAL WORDS IN DIFFERENT QUESTIONS

         ‘Name’, ‘List’, ‘Mention’, ‘Enumerate’ are to be treated as same & require only writing the required feature/factor/name etc .No need for any further explanation.

         ‘Define’ requires giving definition & critical components of that concept.

         ‘Explain’ requires short & specific explanation of the term or concept specified.

         ‘Analyze’ refers to understanding of the concept/situation & drawing conclusion/effect.

         ‘Describe’ means to elaborate the term wholly.

MANY WORDS CONVEY THE SAME MEANING

         Factors & circumstances

         Causes, reasons, motives

         Effects, result, consequences, impact

         Qualities, features & characteristics

MAP QUESTIONS

         Identify the maps meant for Geography.

         Read the asking of the questions carefully.

         Label the place & give proper symbols for different locations.

.            Don’t neglect this section. Practice more maps before the examination.

Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owner

1.   Mechanised production of cotton and growing iron and steel industry earned Britain a title. Name it.

 Ans. Workshop of the World

2.   Name two most important centres of Jamdani weaving. Ans. Dacca in Bengal and Lucknow in United Provinces

3.   Where did European traders first encounter the fine cotton cloth from India carried by Arab Merchants? Ans. Mosul

4.   Name the two places where Bandanna patterns were mostly produced.  Ans. Rajasthan, Gujarat

5.   Who invented the Spinning Jenny and when?  Ans.  John Kaye, 1764

6.   Who were the weavers of Bengal?  Ans. Tanti Weavers

7.   Which cloth gradually became the symbol of nationalism?  Ans. Khadi

8.   When was the Charkha put in the centre of the tricolour flag of Indian National Congress?  Ans. 1931

9.   This man had toured through Mysore in 1800 and has left us an account of the technique of making legendary Wootz Steel. Who was he?  Ans. Francis Buchanan

10. He was the discoverer of electricity and electromagnetism. Name him.  Ans. Michael Faraday

11. Where was the first cotton mill started?  Ans.  Ahmedabad, 1861

12. In which year Charles Weld and Dorabji Tata travelled thorough Chhattisgarh in search of iron ore deposits?  Ans. 1904

13. Who told Weld and Tata about the iron ores in Rajhara Hills?  Ans. Agarias

14. From where were the Agarias carrying iron ore?  Ans.   Rajhara Hills

15. The scarcity of which important compound caused hindrance for setting a steel plant near the Rajhara Hills?  Ans.  Water

16. Rajhara Hills are the source of iron ore for which famous steel plant ?  Ans.  Bhilai Steel Plant

17. When did the TISCO start producing steel?   Ans. 1912

18. TISCO  stands for –   Ans.  Tata Iron and Steel Company

19. In 1914, which historic event gave TISCO a chance to expand its production for the Indian Railways?      Ans. World War 1

20. Name the biggest steel industry within the British Empire in its history.  Ans.  TISCO

Long Answer Questions:

1.   Why Britain came to be known as Workshop of the world?

    Ans.  1. Mechanised Production of cotton  

2. Growing steel and iron industry from 1850s

2.   What happened to the weavers and spinners who lost their livelihood?

Ans.      1. Became agricultural labourers  

2.  Migrated  to cities for work.  

3. Plantations of Africa and South America. 

4. Work in   cotton  mills being set up in cities like Bombay etc. 

5. Some suicided and  protested.

3.   How did the First 1^st world war helped TISCO to increase production?

Ans.      1. British steel had to meet demands of Europe war. 

2. British steel import declined. 

3. Indian Railways turned to TISCO. 

4. TISCO producing shells and carriage wheels.

4.   What were the speciality of swords made from Wootz steel?

Ans.      1. They had incredibly hard & sharp edge, could easily rip through armour

2. Wootz Steel  when made into swords produced a very sharp edge with flowing water pattern. 

3. This pattern came from very small carbon crystals embedded in iron

5.   How was the Wootz steel produced?

Ans.       1. Iron mixed with charcoal, put inside small clay pots. 

2. Through intricate control of temperature was produced steel ingots.

6.   In the first few decades of its existence, what were the problems faced by the textile factory industry?

Ans.      1. Difficulty to compete with cheap textiles imported from Britain. 

2. No govt.  protection from imported textiles by imposing high duties as done by other countries.

7.   How did the development of cotton industries in Britain affect Indian textiles?

Ans.      1. Indian Textiles now had to compete with British textiles in European and American markets. 

2. Exporting textiles to Britain difficult because of very high duties imposed on Imported Indian Textiles.

8.   What were the reasons of the decline of Iron Smelting Industry?

Ans.      1. Laws against entering forests. 

2. Scarcity of iron ore and charcoal. 

3. In some areas there was grant, but iron smelters had to pay a very high tax for each furnace they used. 

4. Use of imported British steel increased for making utensils and tools which lowered demand for iron produced by Iron Smelters.

9.   What was the Jamdani weaving?

Ans.       1. A fine muslin on which decorative motifs are woven on loom.    

2. Often a mixture of cotton & gold was used. 

3. Most important centres were Dacca (Bengal) and Lucknow (United Provinces).

Civilizing the “Native”, Educating the Nation

1. William Adam was from which country?  Ans: Scotland

2. Who helped in the development of Serempore mission?  Ans: William Carey

3. English Education Act was introduced in which year?  Ans:  1835

4.Name the Journal started by William Jones .  Ans: Asiatick Researches

5. From where William Jones studied Greek and Latin?  Ans: Oxford

6. Verify another name for language Urdu, Persian, Hindi and Sanskrit.  

   Ans: Oriental language or Eastern  language

7. Who was the president of Board of Control of the Company?  Ans: Charles Wood

8. A term refers to a person knowing and studying several languages. Name the term.  Ans: Linguist

9. Hindu College was established in Banaras in which year?  Ans: 1791

10. How many pathshalas were there in Bengal and Bihar?    Ans: 1 lakh pathshalas

11. Who was the Governor General during the year 1835?  Ans: William Bentinck

12. According r. Tagore, what were the schools like to him?  Ans: Prisons

13.How many subjects were taught in Shantiniketan ?  Ans: 5 subjects

14. In report a small institution have how many students?  Ans: 20 students

15.Mahatma Gandhi wanted education in which criteria?  Ans: In Oral and Practical knowledge

17.  14.When was Shantiniketan established?  Ans: 1901  

18.When William Jones arrived Calcutta?  Ans: 1783

19.Name the term referring to a person who can read, write and teach Persian.  Ans: Munshi

20. to understand Indian history, what did Jones and Colebrooke began to referring to?  Ans: Discovering Ancient texts and legal texts.

Long Questions

1. Who was William Jones?

Ans: William Jones is a professional educated British and a great Linguist. In India, he was appointed as junior judge at the Supreme Court.

2. State the opinion given by James Mill pressing against the Oriental vision of learning.

Ans: Opinions given by James Mill pressing against the Oriental Vision of learning are:-

He criticized that British effort should not be to teach what the natives wanted or what they respected.The British should also try to capture or win a place in those Indian hearts. The aim of education should be to teach what was useful and practical.

3. What were the advantages discovered by Jones and Colebroooke by studying and taking help of ancient

    Texts to understand Indian Culture?

Ans: Some of the advantages discovered by Jone and Colebrooke by studying and taking help of Ancient texts are:-

         They felt that studying ancient texts would not only help British learning from Indian culture I

         It will also help Indians to rediscover their own Heritage and understand the lost glories of the past.

         And in this process, the British would become the guardians of Indian Culture.

4. What were the steps taken by British after confronting the Macaulay’s opinion against Oriental

    Education?

Ans: Steps taken by British after taking a minute into Macaulay’ s Opinion against Oriental education were:-

         British governerment introduced English Education Act in 1835 to make English the medium of instructions for Higher education.

         British executed decision to stop Oriental Institutions like Calcutta Madrasa and Benaras Sanskrit College.

         English textbooks were then begun to be produced for schools.

5. Write some of the glimpses of the report of William Adams about Indian Education system.

Ans: Some of the glimpses of report of William Adams were:

         There were over 1 lakh pathshalas in Bengal and Bihar.

         These Institutions were no more than 20 students each.

         These institutions were set up by wealthy people, or a local community.

         There was only one guru in each pathshala.

         There were no fixed fee, no printed books, no separate school buildings, no blackboards, no benches or chairs, no roll no. and no regular time table.

6. What were the new routines, rules Introduced by Company after 1854 for better system of local

    Pathshalas ?

Ans: New routines rules introduced by Company after 1854 were:

         Company appointed a number of government pandits each in charge of looking after four to five schools.

         The task of those pandits was to visit the pathshalas and try and improve the standards of teaching.

         Each guru was asked to submit periodic reports and take classes according to a regular time table.

         Students were asked to pay regular fees, attend regular classes, sit on fixed seats, and obey the new laws/rules of discipline.

         Teaching was now with textbooks and books with annual examinations.

7. Why did Gandhiji wanted to teach children handicraft?

Ans: Mahatma Gandhi wanted to teach children handicraft because of the following reasons

         Mahatma Gandhi was totally disagreed with the teaching of European Education. He added that this education had crippled Indians.

         He totally focused on reading and writing rather than oral education, it valued textbooks rather than lived experience and practical knowledge.

         He argued that education ought to develop a person’s mind and soul.

         The children needed to work with their hands, learn a useful handicraft and knows how different things are operated.

8. What were the steps taken by the government to promote advancement in Indian culture referred by

    William Jones and Colebrooke?

Ans: Steps taken by government to promote advancement in Indian Culture referred by Jones and Colebrooke were:

         Madarasa was set up in Calcutta in 1781 to promote the study of Arabic, Persian and Islamic law.

         Hindu College eas established in Benaras in 1791 to encourage the study of Sanskrit texts.

9. What do you mean by ‘Vernacular’?

Ans: Vernacular is a term used generally to refer local language or dialects distinct form from what as seen as the standard Language.

10. Write about the childhood and main aim (while Growing up) of Rabindranath Tagore.

Ans: Childhood ….

         R. Tagore hated going to school. He found it suffocating and oppressive.

         The schools appeared like a prison, where he can’t do what he felt like. Other children listen to teacher, but Tagore’s mind would wander away.

 Aim

On growing up, he wanted to set up a school where the children were happy, be creative, can share thought/views.

   

9. Women, Caste and Reform

1.      What is the other meaning of sati?  Virtuous women

2.   Which castes were considered as upper caste?   Brahmans , Kshatriyas

3.     When was sati banned?   1829

4.   When the law was passed which was permitting Widow Remarriage?  1856

5.     What was the earlier name of ‘Brahmo Samaj’ & when?  Brahmo  Sabha in Calcutta ,1828

6.     The gr. of people which were not allowed to enter the temple?  Untouchables

7.     Who formed an association for widow remarriage in telugu- speaking areas of Madras (Chennai) presidency? Veerasalingam  Pantulu

8.    Who founded reform association called Arya Samaj &when?  Dayanand saraswati in 1875

9.     Who started school for Muslim girls in Patna & Calcutta?  Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain

10.  Who published the book ‘StriPurushTulna’?  Tarabai Shinde

11.   She formed a widow home in Poona?   Pandita Ramabai

12.            In which year Child Marriage Restrained Act was passed? 1929

13.  In which year & where Paramhans Mandli was formed to work for the abolishment of caste?1840 in Bombay

14.Who and where satnami movement was found?  Ghasi Das ,Central India

15.  -I belonged to Kerala -A Guru among Ezhavas . Who am I?  Shri Narayana Guru

16.  Who founded Satya Shodhak Samaj?  Jyoti Rao Phule

17.  Name the book written by Jyoti Rao Phule and what was the meaning of it?

  Gulamgiri (1873) which meant Slavery

18. When did temple entry movement started and by whom?  1927,  Dr.B.R Ambedkar

19.  What was the other name of E V Ramaswamy Naicker and what he started?

  Periyar , Self Respect Movement

1.   What was sati?

  In earlier days when women chose death by burning themselves on the funeral of their husbands. Women who died this manner whether willingly or otherwise were called “sati”, meaning virtuous women.

2.   What were the reforms made to remove these illegal practices on widows & girls?

  The reforms were as follows:-

         Sati was banned in 1829

         Widow remarriage act was made

         Brahmo samaj was formed in Calcutta, to prohibited all forms of idolatry & sacrifice, believe in the Upanishads

         In 1856 a law was passed permitting widow remarriage

         Veerasalingam  Pantulu formed a association for widow remarriage

         Arya samaj was formed to reform Hinduism

3.   What happened in “Child Marriage Restrain Act”?

         In 1929 Child Marriage Restrain Act was passed. According to this act, no man and women below the age of 18 and 16 could marry respectively. Subsequently raised to 21 for men and 18 for women.

4.   Who were Madigas?

         Madigas were an important untouchables caste of present–day Andhra Pradesh. They were experts at cleaning hides, tanning them for use and sewing sandals.

5.   Who was Ghasidas?

         He was from low caste.

         He striked Satnami movement in Central India. He worked among the leather worker, and organised a movement to improve their social status.

6.   Who founded the following reforms movement?

  Brahmo Samaj-Raja Ram Mohan Roy

  Young Bengal-H.L.V Derozio

  Ramakrishna Mission-By Swami Vivekananda

  Prarathana Samaj-R.G.Bhandakar

  Veda Samaj-

   Aligarh Movement- Sayyed Ahmed Khan

  Singh Sabha Movement-Sikh

7.   Why was Christian missionaries attacked by many people in the country?

  Christian missionaries were attacked by many people in the country because:-

         They suspected that they were involved in forced conversion of poor and tribal people from Hinduism to Christianity.

8.   What were the contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy?

         Abolition of Sati system in the year 1829

         Supported English education in India

         Founded Brahmo Samaj in 1830 for refom in the society

9.   Write the contribution of Swami Dayananda Saraswati.

         Established Arya Samaj I 1875 for reforming society

         He started Suddhi movement to return the converted people back to Hinduism.

         He gave the slogan “Go Back to Veda”

         He started DAV schools for students.

                      

Ch. 10-     HISTORY OF VISUAL ART

Ques. 1) For whom Indian artists made new styles, etc. in painting  during British rule?

Ans.) Local patrons and market

Ques. 2)  Which new concept was brought by European artists with them? Ans.) Idea / concept of realism

Ques. 3) Increasing in painting arts promoted which civilization in India? Ans.) Western civilization

Ques. 4)   Which type of painting was mostly popularized traditions in India?

Ans.) Picturesque landscape paintings

Ques. 5) According to picturesque, India was called as what? Ans.) Quaint land

Ques.6) Thomas Daniell  and William Dainell were expert in which style of painting traditions?

Ans.) Picturesque landscape paintings

Ques.7) A strong coarse cloth on which painting was done? Ans.) Canvas

Ques. 8) Who commissioned the portrait paintings painted by artists? Ans.) Patrons

Ques.9) British are also known as which  type of masters? Ans.) White masters

Ques.10) With whom Thomas Dashwood was married? Ans.) Charlotte Lausia Aurial

Ques.11) Name the styles of painting Raja Ram Verma painted? Ans.) Modern and National

Ques.12) To which place Raja Ravi Verma belonged? Ans.) Kerela

Ques.13) Who was the nephew of  Abanindra nath Tagore ? Ans.)  Rabindranath Nath Tagore

Ques. 14) Name one of the well known painter and student of Abanidranath Tagore? Ans.) Nandlal  Bose

Ques.15) Painting on a long roll of paper that could be rolled up? Ans.) Scroll painting

Ques.16) Scroll painters were also known as? Ans.) Patuas

Ques.17) Who painted the storming of seringapatam? Ans.) Rober Kerr Porter

Ques. 18) What were the potters known in eastern India? Ans.) Kumors

Ques.19) At the starting, the Kalighat pictures were engraved on what? Ans.) Wooden block

Ques. 20) What was the name of photographer studio set up by Samuel Bourne? Ans.) Bourne & Shephard

Ques. 21) Who made the Mythologyscenece from the legend of Nala & Damayanti?Ans.) Calcutta art studio

Ques. 22) Krishna Sadan was started by whom? Ans.) Raja Ravi Verma

 LONG QUESTIONS

1.        What were the new forms of art developed with the coming of the Europeans to India?

         Picturesque- Landscape Painting or Oil Painting

         Engraving

         Potrait

         History Painting

2.     What happened to the Court Artists when the Europeans came and captured the court.

         Some worked under the Europeans

         Some changed their jobs

         Some struggled with their art professions

3.       What were the Indian ways of paintings during the Medieval time?

         Mural painting on the wall

         Miniature painting

         Scroll Painting at Kalighat

4.     What changes the Kalighat painters made in their art in the cities?

         They produced paintings on social and political themes

         Artists mocked at the changes around them. For ex- the painting “Baboo on the Chair”.

         Carved blocks were used to print the paintings and sell in market

         They criticized corrupt priests and westernized baboos

5.       What were the Contribution of Raja Ravi Verma

         He created a style of painting which was both modern and national

         He painted thems from Indian Mythology

         He set up Printing press on the outskrits of Bombay

6.       Describe the development of the vision of National Art in India.

         In Bengal Abanindra nath Tagore tried to revive Indian style of miniature and mural style

         Ancient paintings like Ajanta paintings were popularized

         Nandalal Bose also tried to do the same thing like Abanindra nath Tagore

7.       Describe about Okakura Kakuzo

         He was the Japanese artist

         Published a book “ The Ideals of the East”

         He emphasized on the traditional Japaneese art

         He was the founder of the first Japanese art academy

         Hew had a powerful influence on R.N.Tagore and Abanindra nath Tagore.

Ch. 11   FREEDOM STRUGGLE

                       

1: Meaning Of Sarvajanik.Ans – Sarva – All, Janik – of the People

2: Arms Act Was Passed In Which Year Ans – 1878

3: The Act Which Allowed the Government to Confiscate The Assets Of Newspaper Published Anything That Was Found “Objectionable”  Ans – Vernacular Press Act

4: The INC Was Found At Which Place And In Which Year Ans – Bombay , 1885(December)

5: Book Published By Dadabhai Naroji Ans – Poverty And Un –British Rule In India

6: A Publicist and A Businessman Who Settled In London  Ans – Dadabhai Naoroji

7: Who Said This Slogan: Freedom Is My Birthright and I Shall Have It Ans – Balgangadhar Tilak

8: Someone Who Publicizes an Idea of Circulating Information, Writing Reports, Speaking At Meetings

Ans – Publicist

9: In Which Year was The Attempt made By The Government To Introduce Ilbert Bill  Ans – 1883

10: From Bengal, Maharashtra And Punjab, Who Were Becoming To Explore More Radical Objectives And The Methods?  Ans – Lal , Bal , Pal

11: Who Partitioned Bengal In 1905  Ans – Lord Curzon

12: Instead Of Remaining Non – Bengali Areas from the Province the Govt. Separated East Bengal and Emerged With Which States Ans – Assam

13: Swadeshi Movement in Andhra Pradesh Is Known As  Ans – Vandemataram Movement

14: Name the Marathi Newspaper Edited By Tilak Which Become One of the Strongest Critics of British Rule  Ans – Kesari

15: Lala Lajpat Rai Was One of the Leading Members of Which Group Was Critical Of Politics of Petitions  Ans – Radical

16: Where Did the All India Muslim League Was Formed Ans – Dacca, 1906

17: Which Two Groups Reunited In December 1915 in Congress?  Ans – Moderates and Radicals

18:In Which Year Congress and Muslim League Signed the Historic Lucknow Pact Ans – 1916

19: At What Age M.K. Gandhi Returned From South Africa to India? Ans – 46

20: Who Found the Natal Congress in South Africa? Ans – M.K.Gandhi

21: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Happened On 13 April (1919) Which Is Celebrated As  Ans – Baisakhi Day

22: When Did the British Imposed the Harsh Treaty on the Turkish Sultan? Ans – 1920

23; People Protesting Outside the Building or Shop to Prevent Others from Entering  Ans – Picket

24: Where Is Guntur Present  Ans – Andhra Pradesh

25: Religious Functionaries of Sikh Gurudwars  Ans – Mahants

26: Forcible and Unlawful Throwing Out Of Tenants from the Land They Rent  Ans – Illegal Eviction

27: When Chauri –Chaura Incident Took Place? Ans – Feb 1922

28: In Chauri - Chaura ,How Many Policeman Get Killed That Day ? Ans – 22

29: When Civil Disobedience Movement Launched? Ans – 1930

30: He Was the Lawyer from East Bengal .He was Specially Active in the Non – Cooperation Movement. Who Is He? Ans – Chita Ranjan Das

31: RSS Stand For  Ans – Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

32: When Was Purna Swaraj declared By Congress Ans – 1929

33: When Was the First Independence Day Observed All Over the Country? Ans- 26 Jan 1930

34: When M. K. Gandhi Broke Salt Law Ans- 6 April , 1930

35: Baji Mohammed Was The President Of Which Congress In Orissa? Ans – Nabrangpur

36: In Which Year the Govt. Prescribed the Elections to the Provincial Legislature? Ans – 1937

37: On Which Month and Year Quit India Movement Was Held? Ans – August 1942

38: By the End of 1943 How Many People Were Arrested and Died Ans- 90000 – Arrested, 1000 – Died

39: What Is the Meaning of Wahadat –I-Deen? Ans – Oneness of All Religion

40: Who Was Popularly Known As Rajaji? Ans – Chakravarti Rajagopalchari

41: Who Was the First Governor – General of Free India? Ans – C. Rajagopalchari

42: Who Was the President of Inc In 1931?  Ans – Sardar Vallabhai Patel

43: Which Day Is Known As “Direct Action Day” In Indian History?  Ans – 16 August 1946

44: When Was HSRA formed? Ans – 1928

45: Members of HSRA Was Assassinated Which Police Officer Who Had Let Lathi – Charged That Caused Death of Lala Lajpat Rai? Ans – Saunders

46: When B.K.Dutt Threw the A Bomb Over Central Legislature Assembly? Ans – 8 April 1929

47: Which two leaders founded Congress Khilafat Swarajya Party and Decided To Participate In Elections to Various Legislative Bodies Ans – C.R.Das, Motilal Nehru

48: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Is Also Known As  Ans – Punjab Wrong

49: Who Was the President of the Congress when Purna Swaraj was declared?   Ans – J.L.Nehru

50: When was the Congress Split took place?  Ans – 1907

51: In Which Year Revolution in Russia Took Place? Ans – 1917

52: When Was Rowlatt Act Started? Ans – 1919

53: Where Did Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Took Place  and when? Ans – Amritsar, 1919

54:In Which Year S.C. Bose Secretly Left His Calcutta Home Ans – Jan , 1941

55: Who was the founder of Khudai Khidmatgar?  Ans – Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

56: Lala Lajpat Rai was the active Member of Which Association Ans – Arya Samaj

57: An Honour Granted By the British Crown for Exceptional Public Ans – Knighthood

58: What Does The Govt. Of India Act Of 1935 Prescribed About?  Ans – Provincial Autonomy

59: To Undo a Law Is Known As Ans –Repeal

60: Who Was The First Woman President Of Inc? Ans – Sarojini Naidu

61: When Second World War Took Place Ans – September 1939-1945

62: Who Said “It Takes a Loud Voice to Make the Deaf Hear”  Ans – Bhagat Singh

63: What Is The Distance Between Sabarmati To Dandi Village? Ans – 240 Miles

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:-

1.   Ques- Why was Bengal divided by the British in 1905?

Ans. Bengal was divided because:-

         At that time Bengal was the biggest province of British India.The British told the reason of dividing Bengal as administrative convenience.

         Actually British wanted to divide Hindu and Muslim to make the National Movement weak in Bengal.

2.   Ques- Describe the major features of the Rowlatt Satyagraha.

         In 1919 Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act passed by the British.The Act curtailed fundamental rights like the freedom of expression and increased police power to put any leader into jail without trail.

         During the Rowlatt Satyagraha the leaders ensured that Hindus and Muslims were united in the fight against British rule.

         Mahatma Gandhi also announced that India is a land of all the people, Hindus, Muslims and those of other religions.

3.   Ques- Give an account of Quit India Movement.

         Mahatma Gandhi decided to start new movements against the British in the middle of the Second World War. He resolved that the British must Quit India immediately.

         Gandhiji and other leaders were jailed at once but the movement spread. He said to the people, ”do or die” in your effort to fight the British-but you must fight non-violently.

         It specially attracted peasants and the youth who gave up their studies to join it.

4.   Ques- Explain the role of women in the freedom struggle.

         Women from different backgrounds participated in the national freedom movement. Young and old, single and married, they came from rural and urban areas, from both conservative and liberal homes.

         Participation in the freedom movement brought women out of their homes. It gave them a place in the professions, in the governance of India. It could pave the way for equality with men.

         Between prison terms Ramabai made speeches, taught spinning, and organized prabhat pheris. Women had to fight for their right also to participate in the movement.

5.   Ques- “It takes a loud voice to make the deaf hear. Inquilab Zindabad!” Comment on this statement.

Ans- Inquilab Zindabad and Role of Bhagat Singh

         Revolutionary nationalists like Bhagat Singh and his comrades wanted to fight colonial rule and the rich exploiting classes with the help of a revolution of workers and peasants.

         Hence they founded the Hindustan Socialist Republication Association (HSRA) in 1928 at Ferozeshah kotla in Delhi.

         Members of the HSRA assassinated Saunders. He was a police officer. He had led a lathi-charge that caused the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, a great freedom fighter.

         Bhagat Singh was tried and executed at the age of 23.

6.   Ques- How did Gandhiji emerge as a mass leader?

         Gandhiji, when he was 46 years old, arrived in India in 1915 from South Africa. In South Africa he led Indians in non-violent marches against racist restrictions.

         Mahatma Gandhi spent 1915-1916 in India travelling throughout the country, understanding the people, their needs and the overall situation.

         Gandhiji initially took part in local movements in champaran, kheda and Ahmedabad.

7.   Ques- Give an account of the happening of the period of 1922-1929.

Ans- The happening of 1922-1929

Mahatma Gandhi all of a sudden called of the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 when a crowd of peasants set fire to a police station in Chauri Chaura. After this the followers of Gandhiji stressed that the congress must undertake constructive work in the rural areas.

Others leaders like Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru argued that congress should fight elections to the councils and enter them in order to influence government policies. So they founded Swarajya Party.

Two important developments of the mid-1920s led to the formation of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and theCommunist Party of India.

The revolutionary nationalist Bhagat Singh was active in this period.

8.   Ques- Explain the role of Subhas Chandra Bose and INA in the freedom struggle.

         A radical nationalist, with socialist leanings, Bose did not share Gandhiji’s ideal of ahimsa, though he respected him as the “Father of the Nation”.

         In January 1941, he secretly left his Calcutta home, went to Singapore, via Germany, and raised the Azad Hind Fauj or the Indian National Army (INA), to free India from British control.

         In 1944, the INA tried to invade India through Imphal and Kohima but the campaign failed. The INA members were imprisoned and tried. People across the country, from all walks of life, participated in the movement against the INA trails.

Ch 12- India After Independence

1.     After the independence of India about how many refugees came India?  Ans :  8 million

2.   What was the life span of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar?  Ans :  1891 – 1956

3.    Name the Gandhian leader who died fasting for a separate state for telgu speakers?

  Ans:  potti sriramulu

4.   Name the leader who led the Indian delegation to the UN between 1952 and 1962 and argued for a policy of non-alignment?  Ans :  krishna menon

5.    The Bhilai steel plant was set up with the help of the former ‘soviet union’ in which year? Ans :  1959

6.    Name the dam which was one of the first of the four dams built on the chambel river in M.P completed in 1960?  Ans : Gandhi sagar bandh

7.    In which year Punjab was divided into Punjab and Haryana? Ans :  1966

8.    Who was the chairman of the drafting committee for our constitution.  Ans :  Dr. B.R. ambedkar

9.    Define universal adult “franchise” Ans :   franchise – the right to vote for all

10.  .What is the minimum age for the members for the candidates  vote? Ans :  18 years

11.   Whose opinion was that India could not and must not become a “Hindu Pakistan”?Ans: Jawaharlal Nehru

12. Along the untouchables, who were also granted the reservation? Ans :  scheduled castes or ‘adivasis’

13.  Who conveyed “a warning on the behalf of the people of south” during a debate in assembly?

Ans :  T.T.krishnamachari

14. Name the bases on which states were formed? Ans :  language and religion

15.  Who was the deputy prime minister of India after its independence? Ans :  Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

16.  In 1960, the bilingual state of Bombay was divided into two states. Name them?

Ans :  Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Long answer type question..

1.        Write the main features of the constitution of India.

Ans : some of the main features of our constitution are as follows :-

         Universal adult franchise.

         Equality before the law to all citizens, regardless of their caste or religion affiliation.

         Reservation to ‘adivasis’ or scheduled tribes in seats and jobs.

         Fundamental Rights to citizens

         India became Parliamentary Democracy

2.     Describe the role of constituent assembly in framing the constitution.

Ans : the role of the constituent assembly in framing the constitution is as follows :-

         It balanced the competing claims by providing three lists of subject:

Union list: - with subjects such as taxes, defence & foreign affairs...

Exclusive responsibility of the centre: - a state, list of subjects, such as education and health...

Concurrent list: - such as forests and agriculture...

         Debate and discussions to frame constitution

         Drafting of the final constitution by drafting committee

3.       How the states were formed?

An: states were formed in the following ways:-

The bilingual states of ‘Bombay’ were divided into separate states for ‘Marathi’ and ‘Guajarati’ speakers.

A states re-organization commission was set up recommending the redrawing of district & provincial boundaries to form compact provinces ofAssamees , Bengali , Oriya , Tamil , Malayalam , Cannada & Telgu speakers.

4.     Describe the second five year plan.

Ans :- the main features of the second year plan are as follows :-

         It was formulated in the year 1956.

         This focused strongly on the development on heavy industries such as steel, and on the building of large dams.

5.       Describe the challenges India has to face just after the independence.

Ans :- some of the main challenges were as follows :-

         To make a constitution.

         To settle the people who came from ‘Pakistan’.

         Joining of princeles to India.

         Making of linguistic state.

         Planning for development.

GEOGRAPHY       AGRICULTURE

Q.1- The transformation of a plant to a finished product contains how many types of activities? – 1M

ANS - It involves primary, secondary and tertiary activities.

Q.2- What is primary activity? Give examples. – 1M

ANS – It includes extraction and production of natural resources. Examples are- agriculture, fishing etc.

 Q.3- What is secondary activity? – 1M

ANS – It includes processing of the resource. Its examples are baking of bread weaving of cloth etc.

Q.4- What is tertiary activity? Give its example. – 1M

ANS- It provides support to primary and secondary activities through services. Ex are transports, trade etc.

Q.5- What is agriculture? – 1M

ANS – The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising the crops and rearing livestock is known as agriculture.

Q.6- What is sericulture? – 1M

ANS – Commercial rearing of silkworms is known as sericulture.

Q.7- What is organic farming? Explain in two points. – 2M

ANS- Organic farming means –

In this organic manure is used instead of chemicals.

No genetic modification is done to increase the yield of crops.

Q.8- What is food security? – 1M

ANS- FOOD security exists when all people, have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meet their dietary needs.

Q.9- What is agricultural development? -  1M

ANS- Agricultural development refers to efforts made to increase farm production in order to meet the growing demands of increasing population. Its ultimate aim is to increase the food security.

LONG TYPE QUESTIONS –

Q.1- What is subsistence farming? What are its types? – 2M

ANS- Subsistence farming is a type of farming in which-

         Low levels of technology and labour are used to produce small output.

         This farming is practiced to meet the need of farmer’s family.

         It is classified into two main farming- intensive subsistence farming, primitive subsistence farming.

Q.2- Write about followings…

ANS- Nomadic farming is practiced in the semi-arid and arid regions of Sahara, central Asia and some parts of India.IN this, herdsman move from place to place with their animal for fodder and water. This type of movement depends on the type of climate. Sheep, camel, yak and goats are   most commonly reared. 

In Commercial farming crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market. The area is cultivated and the amount of capital is large. Commercial farming includes commercial grain farming, mixed farming, plantations.     

In commercial grain farming crops are grown for commercial purpose. Wheat and maize are commonly grown. These areas are sparsely populated with large farms.

In mixed farming the land is used for growing fodder crops and rearing livestock. It is practiced in Europe, U.S.A, and South Africa etc.

Plantations are a type of commercial farming in which a single crop of tea, coffee. Large amount of labour and capital is required. Major plantations are in the tropical regions of the world.

Q.3- WRITE ABOUT THE FOLLOWING CROPS-

RICE- it is the major food crop of the world. Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and high rainfall.

IT grows best in alluvial and clayey soil which can retain water.

TEA- tea is a beverage crop grown in plantations. It requires cool climate and well distributed rainfall throughout the year.

It needs well drained loamy soils and gentle slopes.

JUTE- it was also known as the Golden Fibre. It grows well in alluvial soil and requires high temperature, heavy rainfall and humid climate.

This crop is grown in tropical areas. India and Bangladesh are leading producers of jute.

Q.4- Differentiate between Farm Systems in India & U.SA. – 3M

A FARM IN INDIA	A FARM IN U.S.A
In India traditional tools of farming are used.	In U.S.A modern tools are used.
In India the size of the farm is small.	In USA the size is large about 250 hectares.
The house of the farmer is in the main village and he uses traditional method of irrigation.	The house of the farmer is in the middle of farm and modern methods of irrigation are used.

       

                                                  

CH- 5   INDUSTRIES

   Q1- What is secondary activities? Tell another name of it

   ANS 1-Secondary activities – change raw materials into products of more value to people. It’s another name ismanufacturing.

   Q2- Define industries.

  ANS 2- INDUSTRIES – It is an economic activity concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or provision of services.                                                                                 

  Q3- Name the raw materials based industries.

  ANS 3-The raw material based industries are-

         Agro based industries

         Mineral based industries

         Marine based industries

         Forest based industries

Q4- Name the industries on basis of size.

 ANS 4- The industries on basis of size are-

         Large scale industries

         Small scale industries

Q5- Name the industries on basis of ownership.

ANS 5- The industries on basis of ownership are-

         Private sector industries

         Public Sector Industries

         Joints sector industries

         Co-operative sector industries

 Q6- Give an example of public sector industries

ANS 6-   The example of public sector industries are

         Hindustan aeronautics limited

         Steel authority of india

         National highway authority

Q7- Which factors affect the location of industries?

ANS 7- The factor affect location of industries are-

Power, Land, Water, Labour, Capital, Market, Transport

Q8- Enumerate industrial inputs.

ANS 8 – The inputs are-Cost of land, Other infrastructure, Raw material, Labour

Q9- State the inputs and outputs of cotton textile industry.

ANS 9- INPUTS – cotton, labour , factory, transport cost

            OUTPUT – clothes

Q10- what are the processes of cotton textile industry?

 ANS 10- The processes of cotton textile industry are as follow –

Ginning, Weaving, Printing , Spinning, Dyeing

Q11-What does alloys give to steel?

ANS 12-Alloys give steel unusual hardness, toughness and ability to resist rust.

Q12-State the three stages of location of iron and steel industry as per history.

ANS13-The three stages of location of iron and steel industry.

BEFORE 1800 AD these industries located near the availability of raw materials, water supply and power supply.

AFTER 1800 TO 1950 AD they located  near coal fields, canals and railways.

AFTER 1950 AD on large areas near sea port because of the following reasons.Very large steel works.Iron ore imported form over seas

Q13- Which factor resulted in the rapid expansion of cotton textile industry in Mumbai region?

  ANS 15-The factor are as follow –

         Warm must climate.

         Port for importing machinery.

         Availability of raw materials.

         Skilled labours .

Q14-   Define smelting.

ANS 18- SMELTING – It is the process in which metals are extracted from their ores by heating beyond the melting point.

Q19-Name four agro based industries in India.

ANS 19 – Agro based industries are:

         Textile industry – cotton , jute , wool

         Sugar inustries

         Paper industries

         Vegetable oil industries

Q20- Describe various stages of production in industries.

ANS 02- The various stages of production in industries are –

         Collection of raw materials.

         Processing of raw materials with the help of labours capital and machines.

         Finishing of the products.

         Packaging of the products.

         Transportation and marketing.

QUES- LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

Q1- What are industrial region?

ANS 1 – Industrial regions – when an industry develops in a region, same type of industries also cluster together to take advantage of the products of the industry, they use their raw material. Such clusters are known as industrial region.

Q2- In what different ways are industries classified?

ANS 2 – Industries are classified in different ways. They are as follow:

On the basis of weight of raw material: heavy industries, light industries

On the basis of intensiveness of labour and capital: labour intensive, capital intensive

On the basis of sector of economy: public sector industries, private sector industries, joint sector industries, and co – operative sector industries

On the basis of scale of production: large scale industries, small scale industries, and cottage and village industries.

Q3 – What is information technology?

ANS 3- Radio, telephone etc connect people in different parts of the world. These techniques have made our live much comfortable with help of various electronic equipments. We can store, process and distribute information at a great speed. These technologies are called information technology.

Q4- Writes a concise note on Jamshedpur as an iron and steel centre.

ANS 4 – Jamshedpur was only 32 km away from kalimati   station on the Bengal – Nagpur railway line. The places are situated in region of ore, coal and manganese deposit. Kolkata provide it large market. Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers supply water to the industry.

Q5- Writes the reasons of industrial disaster.

ANS 5 – The reasons are as follow:

In industries, disaster mainly occurs because of the technical failure or irresponsible handling of hazardous material. Example-

One of the worst industrial disaster of all times happened in Bhopal on 3 dec, 1984 around 00:30a.m.

The official deaths toll was 3,598 in 1989.

  Q6 – Distinction between pure iron and steel:

PURE IRON	STEEL
It is less strong. It is not used in making utensils. It is not widely used.	It is most strong. It is importantly used in making utensils. It is widely used in bridges, flyover, defense weaponry, tanks etc.

  

Q7 – Describe the Pittsburgh as the important steel city of  U.S.A.

ANS 7- Pittsburgh as the important steel city of USA:

Steel industry at Pittsburgh enjoys location advantages. Some of the raw material like coal is available locally.

B/w these mines & Pittsburgh there is one of the world’s best routes for shipping ores cheaply- the famous great lakes water way. They are located in the valley of the Monogahela & Allegheny rivers above Pittsburgh & along the Ohio river below it.

 Q8- Describe Bangalore as the silicon valley of the India.

  ANS 8- the development of IT industries started in the late   1970’s.the first IT part was seen at Bangalore. Now it has been ranked the 4 best “the global hub of the technological innovation. “By the USA. It has the highest no.of software companies in India.

   

  Q9- Distinguish  b/w agro based & mineral based industries.

   ANS 9-

AGRO BASED	MINERAL BASED
1. the industries which obtain raw material from agriculture . 2. these provide employment in rural areas. 3. mostly in private or cooperative sector.	1.based on mineral for their raw material. 2. they provide employment to both rural & urban labours. 3. in public sector due to huge investment involved.

   

      Q 10- Describe Osaka as the Manchester of Japan.

   ANS 10-  Osaka the largest industrial & one of the financial centre of Japan is amongst the busiest ports of Japan. It is known as the Manchester of Japan due to its excellence in textile manufacturing. They include iron and steel, machinery, ship building auto mobiles, electrical equipment and cement.

Ch-6 Human Resources

Short type questions:-

Definitions

i) Composition of human resource:-

Ans- Composition of human resource means the structure of the population including age, language, occupation, religion, economic basis and caste.

ii) Population

Ans- The total number of the persons living in a certain area is called population.

iii) Density of population

Ans- Number of people living per unit area is called density of population.

iv) Population explosion

Ans- The abrupt and sharp increase of population is called population explosion.

v) Birth rate and death rate

Ans- Birth rate refers to the number of live births per thousand of persons every year.

              Death rate refers to the number of dead people per thousand of person every year.

vi) Natural Growth Rate

Ans- The difference between birth rate and death rate is known as Natural Growth Rate.

Vii) Immigration

Ans- Immigration is a process in which a person comes and settles in a country.

Viii) Emigration        Ans- Emigration is process in which a person leaves a country.

Fill in the blanks:-

i) The ministry of human resource development was created in ________.Ans- 1985

ii) The aim of ministry of human resource development was __________. Ans- To improve the people’s skill.

iii) _____ percent world’s population lives in Asia and Africa.Ans- 75

iv) Average density of population in India is _____.Ans- 324

v)  Average density of population of world is ______.Ans- 45

vi) Some fertile plain which are densely populated are ___________, ____________ and __________.

Ans- Ganga and Bhamputra in India, Hwang-He, Chang Jiang in china and Nile in Egypt.

vii) ______, ______, and _______ are some places with religion or cultural significance.

Ans- Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican City.

viii) _______ is the number of years an average person can expect to live. Ans- Life expectancy.

xi) ______ and ______ are two densely populated areas due to Economic factors.

Ans-  Osaka in Japan and Mumbai in India.

 x) Immigration is also known as ____ and emigration is also called ___.Ans- in-migration, out-migration.

Long type question

Q.1 What do you meant by human resource?

All humans who are engaged in useful activities mean human resource. They are potential resource for the society.

Q.2 Why human resource is important?

Ans- Human resource is important because of the following points:-

         It is important for the development of the country and the individual with sufficient number of highly educated and trained people.

         They are also important to each individual as they assist other people to the maximum in improving and using their capacity and potentialities.

         With ever developing skills and attitudes, human have become more and proficient in overcoming problems and hurdles.

Q.3 What is population change?

Ans- The number of people living in a area is not always stable. With the birth of children the population of an area increases. Some children live longer while other die in early age. When we compare the total population of a country in one year with another year, we come to know that the population of the country has increased, decreased or is stable. The phenomenon is known as population change.

Q.4 What are the causes of population change?

Ans- The causes of population change are:-

         Birth rate- increase or decrease

         death rate –increase or decrease

         Migration

 Q.5 What is population pyramid?

Ans- The population pyramid is a tapering figure of the population based on age and sex.

It is also called age-sex pyramid.

Q.6Why the population pyramid is important for us?

Ans- It is important because:-

It tells the story of the people living in a particular country.

it shows the number of the dependents there are in a country, there are two groups of dependents in a country- young group (aged below 15) and elderly group(aged above 60).

It also shows the birth rate and death rate of a country.

Q.7 What are the factors affecting the distribution of the population?

Ans- The factors affecting the distribution of the population are:-

Topography: - People always refer to the plain land for living. Ganga plain is mostly populated due to plain region.

Climate: - People generally refer to the moderate climatic region. They avoid the extreme climatic region like Sahara desert, polar region etc.                                                                          

Soil: - People generally prefers to fertile soil for agriculture and living.

Water:-People refer to that place where the fresh water is easily available.

Minerals: - Area where mineral are present there the more population is there. People get opportunity of trading.

Society: - Areas better for housing, education and health facilities are densely populated.     E.g.   Pune, Mumbai etc.

Cultural: - Places with religion or cultural significance attract people and most populated. E.g.                                            Varanasi, Vatican City etc.

Economic: - Industrial areas provide employment opportunity. Large numbers of people are                                           attracted towards it and are most populated. E.g. Osaka in Japan, Mumbai in India etc.

Q.9 Which type of population pyramid of a country will have if it’s both birth and death rate are high? Give example.

Ans- The population pyramid of such country a country will be broad at base and narrow at top. E.g. Kenya.

Civics -Understanding Marginalisation

Q1:- About how much percentage of INDIA’s population Muslim are considered to be as marginalized community? Ans:- 13.4%

Q2:- There are how many Adivasi groups in INDIA ? Ans:- Over 500

Q3:- In which district of Orissa Niyamgiri hill is located? Ans:- Kalahandi

Q4:- Which tribal community is inhabitant of Niyamgiri hills? Ans:- Dongarria konds

Q5:- In INDIA how many national parks are there? Ans:- 54

Q6:- When did the Indian government set up a high level committee for Muslim? Ans:- 2005

Q7:- Who chaired the high level committee for Muslim community in INDIA? Ans:- Ragindra sachar

Q8:- How much percent of Muslim children in the age 6-14 year age group have either never been enrolled in school or have dropped out? Ans:- 25%

Q9:- Which type of marginalisations is experienced by Muslim? Ans:- Economic and social

Q10:- Where does Muslim prefer to send their children? Ans:- Madarsas

Q11:- How many wildlife sanctuaries are there in INDIA? Ans:- 372

Questions and answers

Q1:- Why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalized?

Ans :-   1 They follow a different culture,language and traditions.                                                                                                                                                   2- They are used to a way of life close to nature and with the cutting down of forests they are being forced to migrate to urban areas where they feel out of place and not in sync.

Q2:- Why adivasis are being getting Stereotyped by people of other communities?

Ans:-    1-  Adivasis are stereotyped because of their colourful costumes,head gears and dances.

2-  lack of awareness makes people wrongly believe that they are exoctic, primitive and backward.

3- They are blamed for their lack of advancement as they are believed to be resistsnt to change.

Q3:- what do you mean by marginalisation?

Ans:- Marginalisation literally means to be side lined. In INDIA,a certain section of people are neglected and separated from the society.They are exploited by majority in many ways. Due to that their condition is very poor in socio-economic field. That situation is called marginalization. E.g. Adivasis, Dalits & Muslims.

Q4:- What do you mean by Adivasis?
Ans:- These are the communities that lived and continue to live in close association with nature and forests. Adivasis literally means “Original Inhabitants”.

Q5:- What do you mean by Ghetto?

Ans:- A area or locality that is populated largely by member of a community.

Q6:- Tell two reason due to which Ghettoisation occurs?

Ans:- 1 Social, Cultural and Economic reason

          2 Fear or Hostility may compel a community to live together

Q7:- What do you mean by following:-

Ans:- 1 Militarised :- An area where the presence of armed                                                                                        force is considerable. 

       2 Malnourished :- A person who does not get adequate nutrition or food.

  

        CHAPTER-8    CONFRONTING MARGINALISATION

1. Assertive person of group is one who can express themselves and their views strongly.
2. Confront is to come face to face or challenge someone or something. It refers to groups challenging their marginalisation.
3. Dispossessed is to have to give up ownership or to give up authority. Possessed is to own something.
4. Ostracize means to exclude or banish an individual or a group. It also refers to a social boycott of an individual and his family.
5. Morally reprehensible refers to an act that violates all norms of decency and dignity that a society believes in. It refers to a hideous and repugnant act that goes against all the values that a society has accepted.
6. Policy is a stated course of action that provides direction for the future, sets goals to be achieved or lays out principles or guidelines to be followed and acted upon. It also reffered to government policies. But other institutions like schools, companies, etc., also have policies.
7. Dalit means 'broken'. This word is used deliberately and actively by groups to highlight the century old discrimination, these people have suffered within the caste system.
8. Fundamental rights are those rights which the Constitution of India has conferred on every citizen without any discrimination.
9. Social Justice: Equal justice to all the members of the society equally.
10. Dalits: Untouchables, the Deprived sections of the society.
11. Adivasis: The forest or tribal people living in their aboriginal
12.What do you understand by manual scavenging? Ans. Work of scavenging by hand
13. When did the Supreme Court ban the practice of manual scavenging? Ans. 2005
14. Which is the Article of Constitution states that untouchability has been abolished? Ans. Article 17
15. Which is the Act important for Adivasis? Ans. Act, 1989
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Ques.1- State one reason why reservations play an important role
Ans. - Because reservations tries to bring the Dalits and the Adivasis at par with the forward classes by providing jobs or seats in educational and professional institutions.

Ques.2- Can you list three different provisions in the SC and ST prevention of Atrocities Act 1989 ?
Ans. – Yes. They are:
1) No outsiders can occupy the lands of STs and SCs..
2) No forced displacement to them.

3) They should not be exploited physically or morally.

Ques.3- Why did the Safai Karamchari Andolan file a PIL in 2003? What did they about in their petition?
Ans. – i) The safai karamcharis filed a PIL in 2003 to get the manual scavenging banned.
ii) They complained in their petition that manual scavenging is inhuman and it violates the fundamental right against exploitation.
Ques.4- What does Article 17 in the Constitution state? Explain untouchability.
Ans. – i) Article 17 of the Constitution states that untouchability has been abolished.
ii) Untouchability means that no one can prevent Dalits from educating themselves, entering temples, using public facilities etc.
iii) It also means that it is wrong to practice untouchability and this practice will not be tolerated by a democratic government.
iv) In fact, untouchability is a punishable crime now.

Ques.5- How does the reservation policy works?
Ans. – i) Government across India have their own list of Scheduled Castes (Dalits), Scheduled Tribes and backward and most backward castes.
ii) The central government has its own list.
iii) Students applying to educational institutions and those applying for posts in government, furnish proof of their caste or tribe status, in the form of caste and tribe certificate.
iv) Many governments and educational institutions ask candidates to mention their caste/tribe status.
v) If a particular Dalit caste or a certain tribe is on the government list, the candidate from that caste or tribe can avail the benefit of reservation.

Ques.6- How are admissions in colleges help the weaker section?
Ans. – i) For admission to institutes of professional education, like medical colleges, government define a set of ‘cut-off’ marks.
ii) This means that these Dalits and tribal candidates can qualify for admissions who fall in the cut-off list.
iii) Government also offers special scholarships for these students.

Ques.7- What did the powerful caste decide and do against Rathnam?
Ans. - i) The powerful caste decided to teach Rathnam a lesson.
ii) His community was ordered to out caste him and his family.
iii) No one would speak or do any work for them.
iv) One night some people entered their part of the village and set his hut on fire.

Ques.8- What happened when Rathnam filed FIR with the police?
Ans. - i) The case was picked up by the local media.
ii) Numerous journalists visited the village.
iii) Rathnam was written about as a symbol of Dalit action.
iv) The ritual was called off but his family was forced to move out because of the powerful castes in the village, continuing their atrocities against them.

Ques.9- Why did Rathnam refused to perform the ritual?
Ans.- i) Rathnam was all of 20 years.
ii) He was studying engineering in a nearby college.
iii) He refused to perform the ritual because of the following reason:
-       He said that he had no faith in this practice.
-       His family members were forced to perform this ritual because they were Dalits.
Ques.10- What do the state and central government do to help the weaker section?

         Government provides for free or subsidized hostels for students of Dalit and Adivasi

         Reservation in the employement sector

         Cut off marks in selection to a job and admission in to a college

         Scholarship to STs and SCs.
                                                        Chapter-9  Public Facilities                                                                                  

1.Borewell water by the residents in their toilets and for washing because it is -----? Ans. Brackish

2. Which thing residents have to install in their homes for drinking water? Ans. Water purification system

3. How many Indians die every day because of water related diseases?Ans. 1600

4. Right to water is a part of which right? Ans.Right to life

5. Right to life and Right to water come under which article? Ans. Article 21

6. Who is responsible for providing public facilities?  Ans. Government

7. For what private companies operate in the market? Ans. Profit

8. Children of which ages are provided with Right to education? Ans. 6-14 years

9. Tell one way from where govt. get money for public facilities?  Ans. Taxes

10. Who is the most suffering from the shortage of water?  Ans. The poor

11. What are the two things for which rural people need water? Ans. Human use & by Cattles

12.  How many liters of water should be supplied per person in an urban area in India? Ans. 135 lit. 

13. The supply of water per person in an urban area should be about 135 lit.- This was a standard set by whom? Ans. Urban Water Commission

14. How many lit. Of water do the people in slums get per day? Ans. 20 lit.

15. Where is Porto Alegre? Ans. Brazil

16. Railway system is attending how many people per day?  Ans. 65 lakh

17. According to official figures for 2001 how many percent of household in India have access to drinking water?  Ans. 68%

18. According to official figures for 2001 how many percent of household in India have access to sanitation?  Ans. 36%

19. The Census of India, 2001 puts rural household electrification at how many percent? Ans. 44%

20. Name one non-govt. organization? Ans. Sulabh

Long Questions

1. What are the different ways by which people get water?

Ans. The different ways by which people get water are –

Tap water

Water tanker

Borewell Water

Installing water purification system

Bottled water

2. What are the features/characteristics of Public Facilities?

Ans.  Features/characteristics of Public Facilities are-

The essential facilities that need to be provided to everyone like water are called public facilities.

The benefits of public facilities can be shared by many people.

3. Why govt. should only pay the responsibility of giving public facilities?

Ans. Govt. should only pay the responsibility of giving public facilities because-

Private companies operate for profit in the markets and there is no profit in providing public facilities. So, they are not going to do so.

It is our right to have access to public facilities and even govt. cannot stop us to gain it.

As the govt. is taking tax from us so they have to give us something in return….

4. Where does the govt. get money for public facilities?

Ans. Govt. is empowered to collect tax from us and use it to provide public facilities to all. Therefore it is our right to have easy access to the public facilities.

5. The govt. can get private companies to deliver some of the public facilities. However, the govt. must keep a close watch on these to ensure that they fulfill their commitment to reach these facilities to all people at an affordable price.

Why do you think the govt. must assume the overall responsibility for public facilities even when if it gets private companies to do a part of job?

Ans. The govt. must assume the overall responsibility for public facilities even when if it gets private companies to do a part of job because private companies are only operating for profit in markets so it is possible that they cheat the govt. by corrupting the people and earn their own profit.

6. Why do you think the government charges a higher rate for greater use of water when the demand is more?

Ans. The government charges a higher rate for greater use of water when the demand is more because it is difficult to arrange a large amount of water in the same amount.

7. How the water shortage has opened up opportunities for private companies?

Ans. The shortage of water has opened up opportunities for private companies in a big way. Many private companies are providing water to cities by buying it from places around the city. In Chennai, water is taken from nearby towns like Mamandur, Palur, Karungizhi and

from villages to the north of the city using a fleet of over 13,000 water tankers. Every month the water dealers pay farmers an advance for the rights to exploit water sources on their land. This is water taken away not just from agriculture but also from the drinking water supplies of the villagers. Ground water levels have dropped drastically in

all these towns and villages as a result.

8. Why municipal supply meets only about half of the needs of the people of the city?

Ans.  Municipal supply meets only

About half the needs of the people of the city, on an average.

There are areas which get water more regularly than others.

Those areas that are close to the storage points get more water

Whereas colonies further away receive less water.

9. Describe the water supply in Porto Algre?

Ans. They are as follows-

Though there are many poor people in this city, what is remarkable is that it has a far lower number of infant deaths as compared to most other cities of the world.

The city’s water department has achieved universal access to safe water and this is the main reason behind the lower number of infant deaths.

 The average price of water is kept low, and the poor are charged half the basic rate. Whatever profit the department makes is used to improve the water supply.

 The working of the water department is transparent and people can have a direct say in deciding which projects the department should take up.

Through a process of public meetings, people hear what the managers have to say and also vote on their priorities.

10. Give examples of some cases of success in govt. water departments?

Ans. Some examples are-

The water supply department in Mumbai raises enough money through water charges to cover its expenses on supplying water.

In Hyderabad, a recent report shows that the department has increased coverage and improved performance in revenue collection.

In Chennai, the department has taken several initiatives for harvesting rain water to increase the level of groundwater. It has also used the services of private companies for transporting and distributing water but the government water supply department decides the rate for water tankers and gives them permission to operate. Hence they are called ‘on contract’.

CIVICS CH-10   Laws & Social Justice

1.In a chain of people who get very less wages  -   workers

2.What govt. had made to protect people from exploitation  -   laws

3.No child below the age of ______ shall be employed to work in any factory.-    Fourteen

4.What does UC stand for -    Union Carbide

5.UC is a _________ company. -     American

6.Bhopal gas tragedy occurs in which year -       2 December 1984

7. Name the poisonous gas released from the industry at Bhopal.-    Methyl – isocyanite

8.In 1998 onwards, Supreme court had ordered all the public transport vehicles using diesel were switch to

   -      CNG

9. With in three days, about how many people were dead in Bhopal gas tragedy -     More than 8,000

Short Questions............

1.Why are the laws necessary?

-Laws are necessary because :-

. To protect people from unfair means

2.What are the sources of environmental pollution in our area with respect to air & water?

-sources of environmental pollluton in our area with respect to

air: vehicles,smoke, factory

water: sewage , factory

3.What does child labour prevention act mean?

-Child Labour prevention means :-

.Child under 14 of age banned for working in dhabas

.Child under 14 of age banned for working in Restaurants

.Child under 14 of age banned for working in tea shops

4.What are the major role of govt.?

-A major role of government is :-

. Is to control the activities of private companies

. Enforcing law

. Ensure social justice

5.What does line 'safety measures at work place' means?

-  Safety measures at work place means :-

. Alarm system

. Emergency exits

. Properly functioning machinery

6. What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India?

-Advantages are as follow;-

.viability of raw material

.cheap labor

.no much rules & regulation

.marketing

7. Write down the steps to reduce pollution.

-The steps to reduce pollution are as follow:-

.do forestation

.do reforestation

.use cng vehicle

.laws should be there

.there should be dustbins in every turn of cities

.should use less chemicals in factory

.use of bio-degradable substances

.use of unleaded petrol in vehicles

.recycling

.sewage should not discharged directly into rivers

8.What are the consumer's right? Name some consumer's right.

-The rights given to consumers are known as consumer's right.

some consumers right are as follow:-

.Right to check expiry

.Right to check the weight of the product

.Right to see ISI mark

.Right to file a case when not getting service in warranty offer

.Right to see quality of product

.Right to ask any type of question from shopkeeper

9. What are the problems faced by workers? What are the ways through which workers can get out of their problems?

-the problem faced by workers are as follow:- 

.low wages or no wages

.unemployment

.unsafe health

.poverty

.lack of house

.poor housing

The ways through which workers can get out of their problems as:-

.govt. should make such laws that could not bring inferiority complex among the workers .govt. should give employments to them

.their wages should increase