CLASS X HISTORY THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

CLASS X HISTORY THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Proto-industrialisation - first or form of something. It was a part of network of commercial exchanges, controlled by the merchants and the goods were produced by vast number of producers within their family farms. --In the 18 c merchants from towns & cities began moving to the countryside supplying money to the peasants & artisans to produce for the international markets. --As demands were increasing, merchants could not expand in the urban areas because of the existing TRADE GUILDS.-(these were the associations of producers that trained the craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated prices and production and also restricted the entry of new merchants.) Therefore these merchants turned to the countryside. CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTRYSIDE: --Openfields were disappearing & common lands were enclosed & as a result cottagers & poor peasants now had to look for the alternative source of income. --their tiny plots could not provide work for all members of the household so when merchants offered them advances they readily agreed. RESULTS: --By working for the merchants the villagers could remain in the countryside & continued to cultivate their small plots. --income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. --it also allowed them fuller use of their family labour resources. --a close relationship developed between the town & the countryside, as the merchants were based in towns but the work was done in the countryside. COMING UP OF FACTORIES.The earliest factories came up by 1730s & they multiplied by late 18th c. --COTTON FACTORY-its production boomed in late 19thc, this increase was linked to number of changes in the production process as --series of inventions which not only increased the efficiency of production process but also enhanced the output per worker, enabling the workers to produce more. --the Richard Arkwright created a cotton Mill. --MILL-- the costly machines could be purchased, setup and maintained in the Mill. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof & management.This allowed a more carful supervision, watch over quality & regulation of labour, all of which was otherwise difficult in the countryside. PACE OF INDUSTRIALISATION:Was it a rapid process? 1.The most dynamic industries were that of Cotton & Metals. With the expansion of transport the demand for Iron & Steel increased. 2.The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. At the end of 19thc only 20% of total workforce were employed in technologically advanced industrial sector. Historians say that thr typical worker in mid 19thC was not machine operator but the traditional craft person & labourer. --Textile was a dynamic sector but a large portion was being produced in the domestic units. 3.The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by the steam-powered industries. --ordinary &small innovations were the basis of the growth in many non-mechanised sectors as food-processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making & production of implements. 4. Technological changes were slow: it was because: New technology was expensive & merchants were cautious of using it. --machines often broke down and repair was costly. --they were not as effective as were claimed. Q. WHY WAS THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS SLOW IN ENGLAND? 1. It was because in the Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants moved into the cities in search of jobs. So the industrialist had no problem in hiring them at low cost nor were they interested in introducing machines which required large capital investments. 2. In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal . For example Gas works & breweries were busy during the cold months, also the printing & book binders were busy at this time due to Christmas, ships were also repaired during this time. --in all such industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialist usually preferred hand labour. 3. Range of products could be produced only with hand labour. --machines were oriented to produce uniforms, standardized goods for mass market but the demand for goods with intricate design and specific shapes. 4. The upper class-the aristocracies and bourgeoisie- preferred things produced by hands. --handmade products came to symbolize refinement and class. --they were better finished& carefully designed and were mainly for export. 5. In the countries with shortage of labour , industrialist were keen on using mechanical power so that the need for human labour can be minimized. LIFE OF WORKERS: (Negative effects of industrialization) 1--The abundance of the labour affected the lives of workers. 2--the news of jobs led many workers to travel to the cities but the actual possibility of jobs depended upon the existing network of friendship and kin relations. But not everyone had connections, and they had to wait for weeks, spending nights under bridges or in the ‘Night Refuges’ set up by private individuals and at ‘Casual Wards’ maintained by poor law authorities. 3.Seasonality of work meant prolonged period without work. Some returned to countryside and looked for odd jobs. 4. Wages were increased but not welfare of workers. As when the prices rose sharply after the Napoleonic wars wages of workers fell. --It was the period when number of days determined the average daily income of the workers. --about 10% of the population was extremely poor. 5. Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the technology. As when Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry , women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines. Positive results of industrialization: 1. Building activities intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment. 2. Roads were widened. 3. New railway stations came up and railway lines were extended, tunnels dug up. 4. Drainage & sewers were laid, rivers embanked. INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE COLONIES—INDIA --Before the age of industrialization silk& cotton goods onlydominated the international market in Textile. --other countries produced only coarser cotton and finer varieties came from India. --the Amercian merchants took goods from Punjab to Afganisthan, eastern Persia& Central Asia and the Bales of fine cotton were carried on camel back via the NWFP, through mountain passes across deserts. --sea trade operated through the per-colonial ports—Surat on Gujrat coast connected India to the Gulf & Red sea ports; Masaulipatnam on the Coromandel coast &Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with the South-east Asian ports. EARLIER:--A variety of Indian & merchants bankers were involved in the export trade-Financing production, carrying goods & supplying exporters. --Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions-they gave advances to weavers, procured woven cloth & carried supply to the ports. --at the ports the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland. --by 1750 this network was breaking down. COMING OF THE NEW COMPANIES:The European companies gradually gained power first securing a variety of concessions from local courts then the monopoly rights to trade. --this resulted in the decline of old ports of SURAT &HOOGLY. --exports from these ports fell dramatically, credit that had financed earlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt. --while Surat & Hoogly decayed BOMBAY & CALCUTTA grew. --trade through new ports came to be controlled by the European companies in their ships. -- those who wanted to survive had to now operate within the network shaped by European trading companies. Q. How did the expansion of the British industries in India affect the Weavers? 1. INITIALLY THE INDIAN INDUSTRIES DID NOT DECLINE as the Britishers cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand.So the company was kenn on expanding the textile exports from India. 2. Befor establishing political power in India-Bengal & Canatic in 1760s&1770s, the Company found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export. --the Dutch, the Portuguese as well as local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. --so the weavers could bargain and the try selling the produce to the best buyer. 3. once the Company established its power it could assert a monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control that would eliminate the competition, control cost & ensure regular supplies. Q. What did English East India Company do to ensure regular supply of cotton & silk? Or to monopolise right to trade?The company took series of steps: 1.To eliminate the existing traders& brokers connected with cloth trade and to have direct control over the weavers, it appointed GOMASTHA—to supervise weavers, collect supplies& examine the quality of cloth. 2.It prevented the company from dealing with other buyers. One way for doing this was through the system of advances- weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over their cloth to Gomsthas. RESULTS:A )As the loans flowed the demand for the fine textile expanded& weavers eagerly took advances, hoping to earn more. b)--some of the weavers had small plots of land which they cultivated along with weaving, the produce from this took care of their family needs. But now they had to lease it and devote all time to weaving which required engagement of complete family. c)I n many villages there were reports of clashes between the weavers & Gomasthas. This was because earlier the Gomasthas were from the villages who were concerned but now they walked arrogantly with Sepoys in to the villages & punished weavers for the delays. d)—the weavers lost their space to bargain for prices and to sell to different buyers. --the price they received from the company was miserably low and the loans they accepted tied them to the company. e)—in many place the as in Bengal & Carnatic weavers deserted villages and migrated setting up the looms in other villages. f)-At some place weavers along with the traders revolted opposing the company officials, and many weavers over the time began refusing loans and started closing their workshops and took to agriculture. MANCHESTER COMES TO India Q. Why there was a decline of textile exports from India-?1.As the cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries.They pressurised the govt. to impose import duties on cotton textile so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing competition from outside. --Industrialists persuaded the Company to sell British manufacturers in Indian market as well. The export of cotton goods increased in the 19th c. Q. What problems did the Indian weavers had to face when Manchester came to India? Two problems were:a)their export market collapsed, and the local market shrank being glutted with the Manchester imports. --Produced goods by machines at the lower price, the imported goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them. b) By 1860’s weavers faced a new problem, they could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. --When the American civil-war broke out & the cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India & as the exports increased the prices shot up. --weavers in India were forced to buy the it at very high prices. C) Factories in India began flooding the market with machine made goods. FACTORIES THAT CAME UP IN INDIA.--THE FIRST COTTON MILL THAT CAME UP IN India was in 1854. --In 1855 in Bengal first jute mill emerged. --in the north India the Elgin mill was set up in Kanpur in 1860. --the first cotton mill came up in Ahemdabad in 1861. --1874, first spinning & weaving Mill of Madras. EARLY ENTREPRENEURS: In the 18th c during the opium trade there were many Indian junior players in this trade. --having earned through this trade, some of these had a visions of developing industrial enterprises in India. --capital was accumulated through other trade networks. Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East & East Africa. --there were others who were not directly involved in external trade but operated with in India carrying goods, transferring funds between cities, banking money & financing traders. When the opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up their industries. Examples:1. In Bengal Dwarkanath Tagore had set up six joint stock companies in 1830,s & 40,s. 2. In Bombay Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India. 3. Seth Hukumchand , a Marwari businessman had set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, So did the father and grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D.Birla. --When colonial control tightened, the space for Indian merchants became limited and they were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods and were to export only raw materials & food grains—raw cotton, opium, wheat & indigo were required by the Britishers. They were also gradually edged out of the shipping business. Q. Where did the workers come from?Factories needed workers and their demand was increasing. --In the most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants & workers who found no work in the village went to industrial centres. (over 50% workers in Bombay cotton industryin 1911 came from the neighouring district of Ratangiri so was in the case of Kanpur Mills.) --workers travelled great distances in the hope to get work in the Mills. Q. Why getting jobs in the Mills was always difficult?Getting jobs was always difficult (a) as number of job seekers was more than the jobs. (b) entry into mills was restricted. (c) Jobber ,started demanding money & gifts for getting them jobs. Q. Who was a jobber? Industrialist usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. He was often an old & trusted worker who got people from his villages, ensured them jobs, helped them settle and provided them money in the times of crisis. PECULARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH: EARLIER:--European managing agencies dominated industrial production in India& they were interested in certain kinds of products. --they established tea & coffee plantations, invested in mining, indigo and jute—most of these products were required for export and not for sale. -- when Indian businessmen setting up their in 17thC, they avoided competition with Manchester goods. -- yarn was not an important part of British imports & when yarn was imported it was only of the superior variety. The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was used by Indian weavers or was exported to china. LATER:With the 20thc series of changes affected the pattern of industrialization. a) As Swadeshi movement gathered momentum people were mobilised to boycott foreign cloth b) Industrial groups organized themselves to protect their collective interests by pressuring the govt. to increase tariff protection & to grant concessions. c) From 1906 the export of Indian yarn to china declined as the produce from the Chinese & Japanese mills flooded the Chinese markets and thus the industrialist in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. d) First World war created a new situation, with British Mills busy with war production to meet the needs of army , Manchester imports to India declined & suddenly Indian Mills had a vast home market to supply. e) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse & mule saddles & a host of other items. f) Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work for long hours. Q. What was the impact of the First World War on the Manchester goods or the Company? a) Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian markets. b) unable to modernize and compete with the US, Germany & Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. c) cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. d) within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market. Small-scale industries predominate Factory industries grew steadily and after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. --most of them were located in Bengal and Bombay, and over rest of the country small –scale production continued. --only a small section of the industrial labour force worked in the registered factories. The rest worked in small workshops and household units, often located in alleys and by lanes. --handicrafts & handloom production actually expanded in the 20th c. --cheap machine-made thread wiped out the spinning industry in 19thc , weavers survived despite problems. Q Despite the cheap machine-made goods , wiped the spinning industry the weavers survived. How did this happen?1.This was partly because of the Technological changes. Handicrafts people adopted a new technology that helped them to improve the production without pushing up the costs. 2.by the second decade of 20th c the weavers were using looms with a fly-shuttle, which increased their productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. 3. there were several other innovations that helped the weavers improve their productivity and compete with the Mill sector. WEAVERS:There were two types of weavers one—rich and well to do and the others not so rich. MARKET FOR GOODSQ. What were different ways which Britishers used to advertise their products? When new products were produced people had to be persuaded to buy them . 1. One way to do this was through the advertisements. ROLE OF ADVERTISEMENTS:--They make products appear desireable and necessary. --they try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. --they appear in the newspapers, magazines, hoarding, street walls, television screens. --advertisements have played a part in expanding the markets for products, and in shaping a new consumer culture. 2. When the Manchester industrialists began selling their cloth in India , they put ‘LABLES’ on the cloth bundles. LABLES:-- it was needed to the place of manufacture & the name of the company familiar to the buyer. -- it was also to be the mark of quality. -- when buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written on the lable they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth. 3.IMAGES: The Lables did not only carry words or texts but they also carried images which were often very beautifully illustrated. --the images ogf Gods & Goddesses regularly appeared on these lables. --it was as if the association with the Gods gave divine approval to these goods .E xample: the printed image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intented to make the manufacture from foreign land appear somewhat familiar to the Indian people. 4. PRINTING CALENDARS: In the late 19th c Calendars were also printed to popularize the products. --unlike the news papers& magazines the Calendars could also be used by the people who could not read. --they were hung in tea shops & people’s home, offices and middle class apartments. --in these Calendars also there were images of Gods & Goddesses to sell the products. 5. FIGURES OF IMPORTANT PERSONAGES & NAWABS:--images of important personages, Nawabs adorned the advertisements & calendars which gave the message that if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product and when the product was being used by the royal families its quality could not be questioned. 6. Indian manufacturers also advertised the nationalist message clear & loud. They said that if you care for your nation then buy the products that Indians produce. --advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadesh. Multiple Choice Questions of The Age of Industrialisation Q.1: - Guilds were associations of- (a) Industrialization (b) Exporters (c) Traders (d) Producers Q.2: - Which of the following best defines a Jobber. (a) Employed by industrialists to get new recruits (b) Old trusted worker (c) Person of authority and power (d) Controlled lives of workers Q.3: - First country to undergo industrial revolution is (a) Japan (b) Britain (c) Germany (d) France Q.4: - 18th Century India witnessed the decline of which port town? (a) Surat (b) Bombay (c) Calcutta (d) Madras Q.5: - The paid servants of the East India Company was (a) Seth (b) Mamlatdar (c) Gomastha (d) Lambardar Q.6: - Who devised the Spinning Jenny. (a) Samual Luck (b) Richard Arkwright (c) James Hargreaves (d) James Watt. Q.7: - When was the first cotton mill set up in India - (a) 1814 (b) 1824 (c) 1854 (d) 1864 Q.8: - In India the first cotton mill set up in- (a) Madras (b) Bombay (c) Kanpur (d) Surat Q.9: - What was the fly shuttle used for- (a) Washing (b) Weaving (c) Drying (d) Sowing Q.10:- Who invented the steam engine- (a) James Watt (b) New Camen (c) Richard Arkwright (d) None of the above Q.11: - Who was E.T. Paull (a) He was a popular music publisher (b) Economist (c) Writer (d) Philosopher Q.12: - Dwarkanath Tagore is a (a) Painter (b) Industrialist (c) Publisher (d) Social Reformer Q.13: - What did the term ‘Orient’ refers to- (a) England (b) Asia (c) Russia (d) America Q.14: - How did advertisements reach the common people- (a) T.V. (b) Radio (c) Calendars (d) Products Q.15: - Which among these was a pre colonial sea port? (a) Vishakhapatnam (b) Chennai (c) Hoogly (d)Cochin Q.16:- The first Asian country to be industrialized was - (a) Japan (b) India (c) China (d) Afghanistan Q.17:- It is the first industrial city in England- (b) Manchester (b) London (c) Oxford (d) Wales Q.18:- This city connected India to the gulf and red sea port in the pre-colonial period. (a) Mumbai (b) Surat (c) Madras (d) Calicut Q.19:- Which one is the flourishing industry of England? (a) Cotton industry (b) Jute industry (c) Iron and steel industry (d) I.T Q.20:- Which Indian entrepreneur set up six joint stock companies in India in 1830? (a) Dinshaw petit (b) Dwarka Nath Tagore (c) Jamshedjee Tata (d) Seth Hukum Chand Q.21:- Who established the first jute mill in India? (a) Dinshaw Petit (b) Dwarkanath Tagore (c) Jamshedjee Tata (d) Seth Hukumchand Q.22:- Elgin mill was set up at (a) Luknow (b) Calicut (c) Kanpur (d) Madras Q.23:- When was the telephone invented? (a) 1885 (b) 1976 (c) 1876 (d) 1776 Q.24:- Where was the first jute mill established? (a) Surat (b) Delhi (c) Culcutta (d) Bombay Q.25:- The Tata iron and steel company was formed (a) 1807 (b) 1907 (c) 1957 (d) 1865 Q.26:- The machine age in India started in- (a) 1850 (b) 1900 (c) 1950 (d) 1890 CHECK YOUR ANSWERS 1. (d) Producers 2. (a) Employed by industrialists to get new recruits 3. (b) Britain 4. (a) Surat 5. (c) Gomastha 6. (c) James Hargreaves 7. (c) 1854 8. (b) Bombay 9. (b) Weaving 10. (a) James Watt 11. (a) He was a popular music publisher 12. (b) Industrialist 13. (b) Asia 14. (c) Calendars 15. (c) Hoogly 16. (b) India 17. (b) London 18. (b) Surat 19. (c) Iron and steel industry 20. (b) Dwarka Nath Tagore 21. (d) Seth Hukumchand 22. (c) Kanpur 23. (c) 1876 24. (c) Culcutta 25. (b) 1907 26. (a) 1850 Most Important Q&A OF THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Q.1: - What was the result of First World War on Indian industries? Ans: First World War gave a great boost to the Indian Industries because of the following reasons- 1. The British mills became busy with the production of War materials so all its exports to India virtually stopped. 2. Suddenly Indian mills got clearance to produce different articles for the home market. 3. The Indian factories were called upon to supply various war related material like- Jute bags, clothes for uniforms, tents and leather boots for the forces and so on. Q.2: - Who was a jobber? Explain his functions. Ans: Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker. 1. He got people from his village ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis. 2. Jobbers became persons with authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for the favour he did and started controlling the lives of workers. Q.3: - What were the problems of Indians weavers at the early 19th century? Ans: The problems of Indians weavers at the early 19th century were as follows: 1. Shortage of raw material – as raw cotton exports from India increased the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices. 2. Clashes with Gomasthas- the Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So the weavers clashed with them. 3. System of Advances- the Britishers started the system of advances to regularize the supply. The weavers eagerly took the advances in a hope to earn more but they failed to do so. They even started loosing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated. Q.4: - What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’? Ans: The picture on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’ indicates: 1. There is an angle of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is gently perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time. 2. The fight is taking into the future. 3. Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway, Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory. Q.5: - Mention some of the problems of the Indian Merchants industrialist? Ans: The problems of the Indian Merchants industrialist: 1. Limited Market – The market within which Indian merchants could function became increasingly limited. 2. Restriction on export of manufactured goods – the Indian merchants and traders barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods and had to export only raw materials and food grains – raw cotton, opium and wheat, Indigo – required by the British. 3. Introduction of modern ships -- With the entry of modern ships Indian Merchants were edged out of shipping business. Long Answer Type Questions of The Age of Industrialization Q.1: - Explain the main features of Proto – Industrialization? Ans: Main features of Proto Industrialization- 1. Production was not based on factories. 2. Large scale home based production for international market. 3. Merchants moved to countryside and supplied money for artisans to produce for international market. 4. It provided alternative source of income. 5. Income from pro-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from. 6. Helped in fuller use of their family labour resources. 7. Close relationship. Q.2: - How did the British market expand their goods in India? Ans: The British market expanded their goods in India in the following ways: 1. Advertisement of product – Advertisement makes products appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people and create new needs. During the industrial age, advertisements have played a major role in expanding the market for products. 2. Putting labels on the cloths bundles – The labels was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on a label, they would feel confident about buying the cloths. 3. Images of Indian Gods gave approval to the goods being sold. Images of Krishna and Saraswati was intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to the Indian People. 4. Printing Calendars to popularize their products unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. They were hung in the tea shops and in poor people’s homes, just as much as in offices and in middle class houses. Q.3: - ‘The Industrial Revolution was a mixed Blessing.’ Explain? Ans: Blessing of the Industrial Revolution – 1. Production by machines has met the growing need of the growing population of the world. 2. Only machines have made it possible for the mankind to meet the primary necessities of food, cloths and shelter. 3. Machines have relieved man of the drudgery of tiring and unpleasant jobs. 4. Machines have brought more leisure. Harmful effects of Industrial Revolution- 1. The industrial Revolution shattered the rural life by turning the farmers into landless labourers. 2. Rural unemployment forced the unemployed farmers to migrate to cities in search of jobs. 3. The cities became overcrowded and many problems of insanitation and housing arose. 4. The industrial Revolution gave birth to imperialism. Q.4: - Why the system of advances proved harmful for the weavers. Ans: The system of advances proved harmful for the weavers for the following reasons: 1. No chance of bargaining – The weavers lost any chance of bargaining. 2. Leasing of land – most of the weavers had to lease out the land and devote all their time to weaving. 3. Dependency for food on others – most of the weavers after loosing their land became dependent on other for the food supplies. 4. Clashes with Gomasthas – Gomasthas acted arrogantly, marched into villages with police and punished weavers for delay in supply. Q.5: - What were the problems faced by the cotton weavers in India. Ans: The problems of Cotton weavers in India. 1. There export market collapsed. 2. Local market also shrunk as it was flooded with Manchester imports. 3. Produced by machines at lower coasts, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them. 4. By 1860 weavers could not get sufficient supply of row cotton of good quality. NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS OF THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Q.1: Explain the following: (a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny. (b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages. (c) The port of Surat declined by the end of eighteenth century. (d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India. Answer: (a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny because it could spin many spindles with one wheel. This increased productivity and led to decrease in employment of women for spinning. Angry women therefore, attacked the machine. (b) The trade and commerce guild controlled the market, raw materials, employees, and also production of goods in the towns. This created problems for merchants who wanted to increase production by employing more men. Therefore, they turned to peasants and artisans who lived in villages. (c) By the end of 18th century the port of Surat declined mainly because of the growing power of the European Companies in India. These European Companies gradually gained power and started to control sea-trade in India. They secured a variety of concessions which they obtained from local courts and by gaining monopoly rights to trade. These companies did not want to use the old ports of Surat, Masulipatnam, and Hooghly etc. In stead they developed the port of Bombay. (d) As the East India Company established political power in India, it wanted to further assert a monopoly right to cotton textile silk trade. The Company’s objective was to develop a system of management and direct control over the weavers so that it could eliminate competition over costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. They did this through a series of steps. So, with this aim they appointed ‘gomasthas’ as their paid servants to supervise weavers, ensure timely supplies, examine the quality of cloth and also advanced loans to weavers. Q.2: Write True or False against each statement. (a) At the end of 19th century, 80% of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector. (b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the 18th century. (c) The American civil war resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India. (d) The introduction of fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity. Ans: (a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T Q.3: Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation. Ans: ‘Proto’ means the first or early form of something. By proto-industrialisation historians refer to the period in which Europe and England produced goods for the international market, on a large scale, even before there were factories. Thus, proto-industrialisation is meant for the phase of industrialization when handmade products were produced for the industrial market. Q.4: Why did some industrialists in 19th century Europe prefer hand labour over machines? Ans: Some industrialists in 19th century Europe prefer hand labour over machines due to the following reasons: a. Machines were costly, ineffective, difficult to repair, and needed huge capital investments. b. Labour was available at low wages at that period of time. c. In seasonal industries only seasonal labour was required. d. Market demands of variety of designs and colour and specific type could not be fulfilled by machine made clothes. Intricate designs and colours could be done by human-skills only. e. In Victorian age, the aristocrats and other upper class people preferred articles made by hand only. Q.5: How did East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers? Ans: After establishing political power in India, the East India Company tried to acquire a monthly right to cotton textile and silk goods trade. It also started to procure regular supplies of these goods from Indian weavers. This could be achieved by tem after taking a series of steps. First, they established their management and a direct control over the weavers by appointing their paid servants called gomasthas. Gomasthas supervised weavers, examined the quality of goods and ensured regular supplies. Second, the Company prevented weavers from dealing with their buyers by giving them ‘advances’ against purchase orders. Thus, the weavers after taking loans could not sell their cloth to any other trader and had to work under the Company’s gomasthas. Q.6: Why did industrial production in India increase during First World War? Ans: India witnessed increased industrial production during the First World War due to following reasons: (i) British industries became busy in producing and supplying war-needs. Hence, they stopped exporting British goods or clothes for colonial markets like that in India. (ii) It was a good opportunity for Indian industries to fill in empty Indian markets with their products. It was done so. Therefore, industrial production in India increased. (iii) Also the British colonial government asked Indian factories to supply the war needs like - jute bags, cloth or army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddle, etc. (iv) The increased demands of variety of products led to the setting up of new factories and old ones increased their production. (v) Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. These were the various reasons responsible for the boom in the industrial production in India during the First World War.

First Estate Second Estate Third Estate What were the three groups of French society Third Estate Which group made up almost 98% of the French society? Peasants and Bourgoise Which two groups made up the Third Estate? King Louis XVI Who was the King of France during most of the French Revolution? The Queen of France who's married to King Louis XVI Who was Marie-Antoinette? Napoleon Bonaparte What French leader was an army captain who became the leader of France after a coup d'etat? Because the French government was Bankrupt and the third estate were the people who who had to pay taxes. They were heavily taxed and the peasants had to give the land lords much of their crops while the nobles and the King lived a life in luxury while the peasants were very poor and starving Why were money problems and bad harvests two causes that help contribute to the French Revolution? They marched from France to Versailles with pitchforks and other tools demanding for bread How did 6000 women and a few men in disguise protest the cost of bread in 1789 That's where gunpowder and weapons are stored which what they needed. On July 14, 1789, a huge crowd in Paris broke in to the Bastille. This became known as "Storming the Bastille". Why did they choose this to destroy? The Third Estate refused to leave until the King recognized them as the National Assembly. The first and second estate joined them and the king gave in to their demands. What was important about the "Tennis Court Oath"? Women What group of French citizens did not have equal rights under the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen? They were beheaded What happened to King Louis XVI and Maria Antoinette Robespierre Which French revolutionary is said to be the leader of the "reign of terror"? Guillotine Machine that was used to behead people during the French Revolution Jacobins The radical or extremist political group that engaged in terrorist activity during the French Revolution He declared himself emperor and took the crown out of the Pope's hands and put it on his head How did Napoleon Bonaparte become emperor? Battle in Waterloo What battle was Napoleon Bonaparte defeated? He lived in exile in St. Helena until his death What happened to Napoleon Bonaparte after his defeat? The Storming of the Bestille What marked the beginning of the French Revolution? Reign of Terror What was the time during the French Revolution in which there was a wave of fear throughout the country called? Napoleon Bonaparte Which French leader created a national educational system? Louisiana Territory What did Napoleon sell to the United States in 1803? Revolution A big or major change over a short period of time It was nationalized and sold to pay off the government debt. How did the new constitution created by the National Assembly affected the Church? Nationalism Loyalty and devotion to one's nation above all other groups Duke of Wellington Who led the British troops against Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo Sans culottes ____ were the workers of the Third Estate and this became a nickname of pride for the workers.

Class IX A new approach to French Revolution Answer followed by Questions

First Estate Second Estate Third Estate What were the three groups of French society Third Estate Which group made up almost 98% of the French society? Peasants and Bourgoise Which two groups made up the Third Estate? King Louis XVI Who was the King of France during most of the French Revolution? The Queen of France who's married to King Louis XVI Who was Marie-Antoinette? Napoleon Bonaparte What French leader was an army captain who became the leader of France after a coup d'etat? Because the French government was Bankrupt and the third estate were the people who who had to pay taxes. They were heavily taxed and the peasants had to give the land lords much of their crops while the nobles and the King lived a life in luxury while the peasants were very poor and starving Why were money problems and bad harvests two causes that help contribute to the French Revolution? They marched from France to Versailles with pitchforks and other tools demanding for bread How did 6000 women and a few men in disguise protest the cost of bread in 1789 That's where gunpowder and weapons are stored which what they needed. On July 14, 1789, a huge crowd in Paris broke in to the Bastille. This became known as "Storming the Bastille". Why did they choose this to destroy? The Third Estate refused to leave until the King recognized them as the National Assembly. The first and second estate joined them and the king gave in to their demands. What was important about the "Tennis Court Oath"? Women What group of French citizens did not have equal rights under the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen? They were beheaded What happened to King Louis XVI and Maria Antoinette Robespierre Which French revolutionary is said to be the leader of the "reign of terror"? Guillotine Machine that was used to behead people during the French Revolution Jacobins The radical or extremist political group that engaged in terrorist activity during the French Revolution He declared himself emperor and took the crown out of the Pope's hands and put it on his head How did Napoleon Bonaparte become emperor? Battle in Waterloo What battle was Napoleon Bonaparte defeated? He lived in exile in St. Helena until his death What happened to Napoleon Bonaparte after his defeat? The Storming of the Bestille What marked the beginning of the French Revolution? Reign of Terror What was the time during the French Revolution in which there was a wave of fear throughout the country called? Napoleon Bonaparte Which French leader created a national educational system? Louisiana Territory What did Napoleon sell to the United States in 1803? Revolution A big or major change over a short period of time It was nationalized and sold to pay off the government debt. How did the new constitution created by the National Assembly affected the Church? Nationalism Loyalty and devotion to one's nation above all other groups Duke of Wellington Who led the British troops against Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo Sans culottes ____ were the workers of the Third Estate and this became a nickname of pride for the workers.

French Revolution Extra Questions with answer

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS [1 MARK] Q.1 The Third Estate comprised (a) Poor servants and small peasants, landless labourers (b) Peasants and artisans (c) Big businessmen, merchants, lawyers etc. (d) All the above Q.2.That ‘each member should have one vote’ was advocated by: (a) Georges Danton (b) Rousseau (c) Jean Paul Marat (d) the Jacobins Q.3.Which of the following decisions was taken by the convention? (a) Declared France a constitutional monarchy (b) Abolished the monarchy (c) All men and women above 21 years got the right to vote (d) Declared France a Republic Q.4.Which of the following is not the idea of the revolutionary journalist Desmoulins about Liberty? (a) Liberty is finishing off your enemies (b) Liberty is Happiness, Reason, Equality and Justice (c) Liberty is the Declaration of Right (d) Liberty is not a child who has to be disciplined before maturity Q.5. How does a ‘Subsistence Crisis’ happen? (a) Bad harvest leads to scarcity of grains (b) Food prices rise and the poorest cannot buy bread (c) Leads to weaker bodies, diseases, deaths and even food riots (d) All the above Q.6. In the war against Prussia and Austria, the army sang which patriotic song? (a) 'Liberty', written by an unknown woman poet (b) ‘Marseillaise’ written by the poet Roget de Lisle (c) ‘Viva France’ written by a French peasant (d) None of the above Q7.Which of the following statements is untrue about the Third Estate? (a) The Third Estate was made of the poor only (b) Within the Third Estate some were rich and some were poor (c) Richer members of the Third Estate owned lands (d) Peasants were obliged to serve in the army, or build roads Q.8. Who wrote the pamphlet called ‘What is the Third Estate’? (a) Mirabeau, a nobleman (b) Abbe Sieyes (c) Rousseau, a philosopher (d) Montesquieu Q.9. A guillotine was _______________________ (a) A device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person was beheaded (b) A fine sword with which heads were cut off (c) A special noose to hang people (d) none of the above Q.10. When did the French Revolution begin? (a) July 14, 1789 (b) January 10, 1780 (c) August 12, 1782 (d) None of the above Answer: 1(d) 2(b) 3(d) 4(b) 5(d) 6(b) 7(a) 8(b) 9(a) 10(a) SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS [3 MARKS] Q.1. what was the subsistence crisis? Why did it occur in France during the Old Regime? Ans. 1- The population of France was on the rise. It rose from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789.This led to increase in the demand for food grains. 2-The production of food grains could not keep pace with the demand and the price of bread which was thestaple diet of the majority Rose rapidly. 3- The wages also did not keep pace with the rise in prices. The gap between the Rich and the poor widened. This led to the subsistence crisis. Q.2.What was the system of voting in the Estates General? What change did the Third Estate want in this system? Ans. Voting in the Estates General in the past had been conducted 1. According to the principle that each estate had one vote. 2. Members of the Third Estate demanded that voting must now be conducted by the assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote. 3. This was according to the democratic principles put forward by philosophers like Rousseau in his book, The Social Contract. Q.3. Describe the incidents that led to the storming of the Bastille. Ans. 1- National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution; the rest of France was seething with turmoil. 2- A severe winter had meant a bad harvest, the price of bread rose. Often bakers exploited the situation and hoarded supplies. 3- After spending hours in long queues at the bakery, crowds of angry women stormed into the shops. 4- At the same time, the king ordered troops to move into Paris. On 14 July, the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed Bastille. Q.4. Describe how the new political system of constitutional monarchy worked in France. Ans The constitution of 1791 vested the power to make laws in the National Assembly, which was indirectly elected. That is, 1. Citizens voted for a group of electors, who in turn chose the Assembly. Not all citizens, however, had the right to vote. 2. Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage were given the status of active citizens, that is, they were entitled to vote. 3. The remaining men and all women were classed as passive citizens. 4. To qualify as an elector and then as a member of the Assembly, a man had to belong to the highest bracket of taxpayers. Q.5.What was ‘natural and inalienable rights’? Ans 1-.The constitution began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens 2- Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law were established as ‘natural and inalienable rights’, i.e., they belonged to each human being by birth and could not be taken away 3-It was the duty of the state to protect each citizen’s natural right. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( 5 MARKS ): Q.1. Explain the importance of the following events on the course of the French Revolution: (a) Storming of the Bastille (c) The passing of the Civil Constitution of the clergy Ans. (a) On July 14, 1789, a mob of Paris stormed the fortress – the prison of Bastille – considered a symbol of oppression and despotism. The Swiss guards were killed and prisoners set free. The mob stole arms and ammunition. To this day, France celebrates ‘Bastille Day’ on 14thJuly every year. (c) In 1790, the Civil Constitution nationalised the church. The clergy or group of persons who enjoyed special powers in the church were also forced to relinquish power. Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the church were confiscated. Q.2. Describe the Reign of Terror and role played by Robespierre in it. Ans.The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror. 1. Maximilian Robespierre, leader of the Jacobins, followed the policy of severe control and punishment. 2. All those he saw as enemies of the Republic — ex-nobles, clergy, political opponents — were arrested, tried and guillotined if found guilty. 3. He issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. 4. Meat and bread were rationed. 5. Use of expensive white flour was forbidden. Robespierre followed his policies so relentlessly that even his supporters began to demand moderation. Finally, he was convicted, arrested and guillotined in July 1794. Q.3What did the following symbols convey in the Declaration of Rights? (i) The broken chain (ii) The bundle of rods or fasces (iii)Sceptre (iv)Snake biting its tail to form a ring (v) Red Phrygian cap (vi)The law tablet Ans. (i) the broken chains: Chains were used to fetter slaves. A broken chain stands for the act of becoming free. (ii) The bundle of rods or fasces: One rod can be easily broken, but not an entire bundle.Strength lies in unity. (iii) Sceptre: Symbol of royal power. (iv)Snake biting its tail to form a ring: Symbol of eternity. A ring has neither beginning nor end. (v) Red Phrygian cap: Cap worn by a slave upon becoming free. (vi)The law tablet: The law is the same for all, and all are equal before it. Q.4.write short note on Jacobins? Ans.1- They got their name from the former convent of St. Jacob in Paris. 2-They belonged to the less prosperous sections of the society. 3-They included small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers, printers, as well as servants and daily wage earners. 4-Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre. 5-A large group among the Jacobin decided to wear long striped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers. 6-This was to set themselves apart from the fashionable sections of society especially the nobles who wore knee breeches. Q.5. Discuss the participation of women in political clubs, their activities and demands. Ans.From the very beginning, women were active participants in the events which brought about so many important changes in French society. 1. They hoped that their involvement would pressurise the revolutionary government to introduce measures to improve their lives. 2. Most women of the third estate had to work for a living. They worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold flowers, fruits and vegetables at the market, or were employed as domestic servants in the houses of prosperous people. 3. Most women did not have access to education or job training. Their wages were lower than those of men. 4. One of their main demands was that women should be given the same political rights as men. 5. Women were disappointed that the constitution of 1791 reduced them to passive citizens

French Revolution 1 Mark/2 Mark

83 Short Answer Type Questions on the French Revolution 1. What do you understand by the word 'Revolution'? The term 'Revolution' means a recognisable momentous change in any situation. 2. Describe the incident which sparked the Revolution. The attack by the Third Estate on the Bastille State Prison (14th July 1789) and setting free the prisoners sparked the 'Revolution'. 3. What activity of the French monarchy hastened the Revolution? Extravagant lifestyle of the monarchy brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and hastened the Revolution. 4. Who were the Sans-Culottes? Sans-Culottes literally mean: Those without knee breeches i.e., the common people of Paris. 5. When did the French Revolution take place? The French Revolution took place on July 14, 1789. 6. What did the French Revolution of 1789 stand for? The French Revolution of 1789 stood for the ideas of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. 7. Explain the terms Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. The term Liberty means freedom, equality stands for being equal and fraternity stands for brotherhood. 8. Why was the Bastille hated by all? Bastille was hated because it was a symbol of the despotic power of the King. 9. What did the fall of Bastille signify? The fall of Bastille signified the end of the autocratic rule of the monarch. 10. What was the immediate cause of rioting in Paris? The high price of bread was the immediate cause for rioting in Paris. 11. What was the main idea of Rousseau's famous work 'Social Contracts? Rousseau's famous, work the 'Social Contract' believed that governments should be based on the consent of the governed. 12. Give any one significant role of the French philosophers in the outbreak of the Revolution. The most significant role of the philosophers was that they exposed the inefficiency of the monarch, provided revolutionary ideas and inspired the people to fight for their rights. 13. What debt did France incur due to her involvement in the American War of Independence? The war added more than a billion livres to the French debt. 14. List the three Estates into which French society was divided. Or Name the three main social classes of 18th century France. The Clergy, Nobility and the Third Estate or commoners, were the three Estates into which French society was divided. 15. Which classes formed the privileged Estates? The clergy and nobility constituted the privileged estates. 16. What were the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and nobility? The clergy and nobility enjoyed exemption from paying redemption taxes to the state. They had political rights and social status. 17. What special feudal privilege did the nobles enjoy? The authority to extract feudal dues from the peasants was the special privilege that the nobles enjoyed. 18. Name the special tax levied by the church on peasants. Tithes was the special tax levied by the church on peasants. 19. What was the tax levied by the State called? The tax levied by the state was called Taille. 20. List any three taxes levied on the Third Estate. (i) Taille, (ii) Tithe, (iii) Indirect taxes like salt tax and road tax were some of the taxes levied on the Third Estate. 21. What work did women of the Third Estate do? Women worked as seamstresses or laundresses, sold fruits, vegetables and flowers at the market or served as domestics. 22. Why the Third Estate was considered the unprivileged class? The Third Estate was considered the unprivileged class because they had no political rights and social status. They bore the burden of the state taxes. 23. List the names of at least three philosophers who inspired the Revolution. John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu, were philosophers who inspired the Revolution. 24. Give the titles of books written by John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu. John Locke wrote the book 'Two Treatises of Government', Jean Jacques Rousseau, 'The Social Contract and Montesquieu', 'The Spirit of Laws'. 25. What type of a society did the philosophers envisage? The philosophers envisaged a society based on freedom, equal laws and opportunities for all. . 26. What ideas did john Locke propound? John Locke propounded the ideas refuting the doctrine of divine and absolute rights of the monarch. 27. What was the philosophy of Montesquieu? Montesquieu philosophy was based on the division of powers between the legislature, executive and the judiciary. 28. What inspired the philosophers? The American constitution and its guarantee of individual rights inspired the philosophers. 29. Which assembly in France alone had the authority to vote on new taxes? The General Assembly alone had the authority to vote on new taxes in France. 30. Who constituted the Estates General? The representatives of the 3 Estates 'constituted the Estates General. It was a political body. 31. When were the Estates General last convened? The Estates General was last convened in 1614; prior to the reign of Louis XVI. 32. When and where did Louis XVI convene the assembly of the Estates General? In Versailles, on May 5, 1789, Louis XVI convened the assembly of the Estates General. 33. The assembly of the Estates General denied entry to which sections of French Society? Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly of the Estates General. 34. On what principle was voting conducted in the Estates General? Each Estate having one vote, was the principle on which voting was conducted in the Estates General. 35. What was the main aim of the National Assembly? The main aim of the National Assembly was to limit the powers of the monarch and assign separate institutions authority-legislature, executive and judicial. 36. What is a guillotine? Who invented it? (i) A guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded. (ii) Dr. Guillotin invented it. 37. List the name of the body formed by the representatives of the Third Estate. National Assembly was the body formed by the representatives of the Third Estate. 38. When and where was the formation for the National Assembly announced? The National Assembly was announced on June 20, 1789, in the hall of an indoor tennis court, in Versailles. 39. Name two important leaders of the National Assembly. Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes were two important leaders of the National Assembly. 40. Who was the author of the pamphlet 'What is the Third Estate?^ Abbe Sieyes authored the pamphlet What is the Third Estate?'. 41. What forced Louis XVI to accord recognition to the National Assembly? Power of the revolting subjects forced Louis XVI to accord recognition to the National Assembly. 42. What was the important decree the Assembly legislated? The Assembly passed a decree abolishing feudal system of obligations and taxes. 43. What was the main objective of the draft constitution of 1791? The main objective of the draft constitution of 1791 was to limit the powers of the monarch. 44. What provision was made by the Constitution of 1791 for the election of the National Assembly? The Constitution of 1791 provided for indirect elections of the National Assembly. 45. Explain the term 'active citizens'. Citizens who had the right to vote were called active citizens. 46. What were the pre-requisites for the status of an active citizen? The pre-requisites were, only men above 25 years of age, who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer's wage were given the status of active citizens. 47. What is meant by the term 'natural and unalienable rights'? The term natural and inalienable rights means, rights that belong to each human being by birth which could not be taken away. 48. List four rights mentioned in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Rights mentioned in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: Right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion and equality before law. 49. Name the song sung by the French revolutionaries. Who composed it? The song sung by the French revolutionaries was 'Marseillaise'. It was composed by the poet Roget de L 'Isle. 50. What is the national anthem of France? The 'Marseillaise' song sung by the revolutionaries is the national anthem of France. 51. Name the popular political club of France. The Jacobin Club was one of the most popular political clubs in France. 52. Name the leader of the Jacobin Club. Maximilian Robespierre was leader of the Jacobin Club. 53. Who were the members of the Jacobin Club? The less prosperous sections of the society were members of the Jacobin Club. 54. How did the Jacobins try to set themselves apart in their attire from the more fashionable sections of French society? To set themselves apian; from the fashionable sections of French society the Jacobins started wearing long striped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers, and a red cap. 55. Explain the term republic. Republic is a form of government where people elect the government including the head of the government. 56. When was monarchy abolished and France declared a republic? One Sept. 21, 1792 monarchy was abolished, and France declared a republic. 57. On what a charge was Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette beheaded? Both Louis XVI and later Marie Antoinette were beheaded on charges of treason. 58. The 'Reign of Terror is referred to which period in French revolutionary history? Reign of Maximilian Robespierre, from 1793-94 is referred to as the 'Reign of Terror.' 59. How were the guilty punished during the Reign of Terror? The guilty were guillotined during the Reign of Terror. 60. List two significant laws enacted by Robespierre. Robespierre enacted laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages, and prices and rationing of meat and bread. 61. What was the most revolutionary social reform of the Jacobin regime? Abolition of slavery in 1794 was the most revolutionary social reform of the Jacobin regime. 62. What is meant by the term 'Directory'? The term 'Directory' refers to the executive board made up of five members. 63. What was the significance of the Rule of the Directory? The Rule of the Directory was significant because its political instability paved the way for the rise of the military dictator Napoleon Bonaparte. 64. What does a broken chain signify? A broken chain signifies act of becoming free, as chains were used to fretter slaves. 65. What means did women use to voice their interests? To voice their interests women started their own political clubs and newspapers. 66. Give the name of any one women's club. The 'Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women' was the most famous women's club. 67. What was the primary demand of the Women's clubs? The main demand of the women's clubs was that women enjoy the same political rights as men. 68. How could women's interests be represented? Women felt their interests could be represented only if they had the right to vote and hold political offices. 69. When did French women get voting rights? After a long struggle in 1946. 70. List four commodities supplied by the French Colonies in the Caribbean. The French colonies in the Caribbean were important suppliers of tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. 71. Define the term triangular trade. The term triangular trade refers to the slave trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas. 72. Name two French ports which owed their prosperity to the slave trade. The two ports which prospered on account of the slave trade were Bordeaux and Nantes. 73. What led to the triangular slave trade? The shortage of labour in the French Caribbean colonies led to the triangular slave trade. 74. When was slavery finally abolished in the French Colonies? Slavery was finally abolished in the French Colonies in 1848. 75. What was the most important legacy of the French Revolution? The idea of liberty and democratic rights was the most important legacy of the French Revolution. 76. List the names of two Indians who responded to the ideas of Revolutionary France. Tipu Sultan and Raja Rammohan Roy responded to the ideas of Revolutionary France. 77. Which factor contributed to the rise of Napoleon? The political instability of the Directory contributed to the rise of Napoleon. 78. Give any two laws enforced by Napoleon to modernise France. Laws enforced by Napoleon to modernise France were. (i) He codified French Law which is known as the Napoleonic Code. (ii) Established uniform system of weights and measures. (iii) Passed laws for protection of private property. 79. What decisive factor led to the fall of Napoleon? The ill fated Russian campaign led to the fall of Napoleon. During this war his army was decimated due to excessive cold, by disease, lack of food and scarcity of clothes. 80. Napoleon was finally defeated in which famous battle? Napoleon was finally defeated in the Battle of Waterloo. 81. Where was Napoleon imprisoned? Napoleon was imprisoned in the Island of St. Helena. 82. Give the factors that made possible the 'Reign of Terror'. The 'Reign of Terror' (1793-1794) became possible because of the overthrow of all familiar established forms of government in France. Moreover, France at this time was faced with the double menace of counter revolution at home and invasion from abroad. 83. Revolutions occur when the existing system becomes unbearable to vast majority of people. Justify with the example of the French Revolution. Yes, the French Revolution was the direct outcome of the oppressive despotic and autocratic attitude of Louis XVI, the corrupt and inhuman behaviour of privileged Estates- the clergy and nobility. Rabisankar Sahu

CBSE Class 7 - Science - CH11 - Transportation in Animals and Plants

CBSE Class 7 - Science - CH11 - Transportation in Animals and Plants Transportation in Animals and Plants Human Heart (credits:wpclipart) NCERT Solution, Q & A Q1(NCERT): Fill in the blanks. i. The blood from the heart is transported to all parts of the body by the ___________________. ii. Haemoglobin is present in ______________ cells. iii. Arteries and veins are joined by a network of ______________. iv. The rhythmic expansion and contraction of the heart is called _________________. v. The main excretory product in human beings is _____________. vi. Sweat contains water and _______________. vii. Kidneys eliminate the waste materials in the liquid form called _______________. viii. Water reaches great heights in the trees because of suction pull caused by _____________. Answer: i. arteries ii. red blood cells (RBCs) iii. capillaries iv. heartbeat v. urea vi. salt vii. urine viii. transpiration. Q2: What do you mean by circulatory system? Answer: The organ system which consists of heart, blood vessels and blood together constitute the circulatory system. Q3(NCERT): Match structures given in Column I with functions given in Column II. Column I Column II (i) Stomata (a) Absorption of water (ii) Xylem (b) Transpiration (iii) Root hairs (c) Transport of food (iv) Phloem (d) Transport of water (e) Synthesis of carbohydrates Answer: Column I Column II (i) Stomata (b) Transpiration, (e) Synthesis of carbohydrates (ii) Xylem (d) Transport of water (iii) Root hairs (a) Absorption of water (iv) Phloem (c) Transport of food Q4: Name the scientist who discovered blood circulation. Answer: William Harvey Q5(NCERT):Choose the correct options: (a) In plants, water is transported through (i) Xylem (ii) Phloem (iii) Stomata (iv) Root hair Answer: (i) Xylem (b) Water absorption through roots can be increased by keeping the plants (i) in the shade (ii) in dim light (iii) under the fan (iv) covered with a polythene bag Answer: (iii) under the fan Explanation: The wind speed because of fan will increase the transpiration process. More water is lost by the plants thus creating a higher suction pull. Q6: What is wilting of plants? Answer: If water is lost more quickly than it is absorbed by the root hairs, it will result in loss of water in plants. The leaves, flower and stem of the plant droop. It is known as wilting. Q7(NCERT): Why is transport of materials necessary in a plant or in an animal? Explain. Answer: Transport of materials is necessary in plants and animals due to following reasons: 1. All livings beings need food, water and oxygen for survival and to perform various activities. It is necessary to transport these materials to various parts of the body. 2. Food and oxygen are transported to all cells of the body so that they can generate energy and grow. 3. Waste products generated by cells need to be transported to excretory organs. If it does not happen, the organism may die because of poisoning by these waste material. Q8: What is vascular system of plants? Answer: Higher plants have well defined transport system called vascular system. It consists of pipe-like vessels called xylem and phloem. Xylem tissues join together and form long tubes. They transport water and minerals from roots to all parts of the plant. Phloem tissues also join together and form long tube which carry food from leaves to various parts of the plant body. Q9(NCERT): What will happen if there are no platelets in the blood? Answer: Platelets help in clotting of blood whenever there is a wound on the body. If platelets are not present in the blood, clotting will not happen and bleeding will continue. The prolonged blood loss may result in death of the person. When platelets are absent and there is no blood clotting occurs, this disease is called haemophilia. Q10: Name the various transport systems present in human beings and mammals. Answer: 1. Circulatory System 2. Excretory System Q11(NCERT): What are stomata? Give two functions of stomata. Answer: Stomata are the tiny pores that present on the surface of leaves. The functions of stomata are: 1. The water evaporates through the stomata by the the process of transpiration. 2. Exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) also take place through stomata. These gases are used in photosynthesis and respiration process in the plants. Q12(NCERT): Does transpiration serve any useful function in the plants? Explain. Answer: 1. Transpiration of water from leaves creates a suction pull, due to which water rises up high in tall trees. 2. Transpiration also cools the plant. Q13: What does blood transport in human body? or Q(NCERT): Why is blood needed by all the parts of a body? Answer: Blood is a special type of fluid that flows in blood vessels. It transports the following: 1. digested food from small intestine to other parts of the human body. 2. oxygen from lungs to heart and then to other body cells. 3. carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs via heart. 4. nitrogenous waste from body cells to kidneys for excretion from the body. Q14(NCERT): What are the components of blood? Answer: The main components of blood are: 1. red blood cells (RBC) - carry oxygen 2. white blood cells (WBC) - fight against germs. 3. Platelets - help in clotting of blood 4. Plasma - liquid part of blood, contains water. Carries digested food and other substances. Q15: Which blood cells are part of our immune system? Answer: White blood cells (WBCs) Q16(NCERT): What makes the blood look red? Answer: The presence of red pigment called haemoglobin in red blood cells makes the blood look red. Q17: Name the device used by medical practitioners to listen heart beat of the patients. Answer: Stethoscope Q18: What are the different types of blood vessels found in our circulatory system? Answer: Arteries and veins. Q19: Name the instrument used to measure blood pressure. Answer: sphygmomanometer. Q20(NCERT): Describe the function of the heart. Pumping of Heart credits:wpclipart Answer: 1. Heart is triangular shaped organ. It is made up of cardiac muscles and is located between the lungs inside chest cavity. 2. It beats 60 to 80 times per minute throughout life. It pumps blood to all parts of the body. 3. The heart has four chambers. The top chambers are called auricles (or atria) and the lower two chambers are called ventricles. 4. The left chambers are completely separated from right side by a partition called septum. The chambers contain valves which allow the flow of blood in one direction only. 5. The right auricle receives carbon-dioxide rich blood from various parts of the body. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs. Inside lungs, carbon-dioxide is exchanged with oxygen. (see steps 1-6 in figure below) 6. The left auricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.The left ventricle pumps this blood to the rest of the body. (Correction:In the above diagram, ➍ is pulmonary vein carrying oxygen-rich blood) Q21: Why do arteries have thick elastic walls? Answer: Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all parts of the body. The blood flow is is rapid and at a high pressure, that's why arteries have thick elastic walls. Q22: Do arteries always carry oxygen-rich blood? Answer: Except pulmonary artery, all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood. Pulmonary artery carries carbon dioxide rich blood from heart to lungs. Q23: Name the only vein which carry oxygen-rich blood? Answer: It is the pulmonary vein which carry oxygen-rich blood from lungs to heart. All other veins carry carbon dioxide rich blood. Q24: What is a pulse? Answer: The throbbing movement due to blood flowing in arteries is called pulse. Q25: What do we call the study of blood? Answer: Haematology Q26: Name the largest artery in human body. Answer: Aorta Q27: Sometime doctors inject medicines directly in our bloodstream. Where do they inject in artery or in vein? Answer: In vein. Vein are superficial and are easily locatable. Second medicine needs to be transported to all parts of the body. Through veins, medicine reaches heart and then pumped to all over the body. Q28: What is heart beat? Name the instrument used to provide information about heart beats. Answer: One complete contraction and relaxation of heart makes one heart beat. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is used to check rhythm of heart beats. Q29: What is the function of blood capillaries? Answer: The network of blood capillaries form a junction between arteries and veins. At these junctions, the exchange of gases, food materials and metabolic wastes take place. (In progress...)

Class7 chapter Soil science Extraquestion answer

Class7 chapter Soil Living science question answer A. MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS: Choose the most appropriate answer. 1. Humus and the smallest particles of rock form the a. A-horizon. b. B-horizon. c. C-horizon. d. bedrock 2. Which of these has the smallest size of particles? a. sand b. silt c. clay d. gravel 3. Which type of soil is best for growing cotton? a. sandy b. clayey c. loamy d. sandy-loam 4. Which of these does not cause weathering'? a. clouds b. wind c. flowing water d. freezing of rainwater 5. Water percolating into the soil collects over a. A-horizon. b. B-horizon. c. C-horizon. d. none of these 6. Water logging can be expected in soil which is rich in a. sand. b„ clay. c. silt. d. humus. 7. Paddy grows best in a. clayey soil. b. loam. c. sandy soil. d. sandy-loam. Answer. 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. d 6. b 7. a B. VERY SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS: Give one-word answers. 1. Breaking down of rock into smaller pieces by natural forces is called ----. 2. Which absorbs more water—sandy soil or clay? 3. The layer of soil that contains the largest rock pieces is called ---. 4. in general, which is the best topsoil for growing plants'? 5. Water logging occurs in sandy soil. True or false? 6. Is soil a natural resource'? 7. Since clay holds more water, it is very good for plants as they get plenty of water. True or false? 8. Humus is formed by the action of insect on soil. True or false? 9. Soil without humus cannot be fertile. True or false? 10. Humus is formed bar the action of decomposers. True or false? . Answer: 1. weathering 2. sandy soil 3. bedrock 4. loam 5. false 6. yes 7. false 8. false 9. True 10. true C. SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS: Answer in a sentence or two. 1. What does soil consist of? Ans: Soil consists of mineral particles, humus, air, water and living organisms. 2. What is weathering? Ans: Weathering is the breaking down of huge pieces of rocks into smaller pieces by the action of natural forces, such as water, glaciers, wind, roots of plants etc. 3. Which soil will allow more water to percolate—sandy soil or clayey soil? Why? Ans: Sandy soil will allow more water to percolate. This is because water drains quickly through large spaces between the sand particles. 4. Which soil will absorb more water—sandy soil or clayey soil? Why? Ans: clayey soil will absorb more water. In clayey soil, which mostly contains clay, water drains through very slowly, since the particles are very small and tightly packed. 5. What is humus? Ans: The dead and decay remains of plants and animals present in soil is called humus 6. How does large variation between day and night temperatures cause weathering? Ans: The rocks expand during the day and contract at night. This constant expansion and contraction weakens the rocks, and they crack and crumble. 7. What do you mean by 'water table'? Ans: Rainwater that percolates through the soil collects above the bedrock. This natural level of groundwater is called the water table. D. LONG-ANSWER QUESTIONS: Answer in about 50 words. 1. Explain how water is responsible for the formation of soil. Ans: Rainwater enters crevices of rocks. In winters, as this water freezes, it expands. This expansion breaks the rocks into smaller pieces. The broken pieces roll down by the force of flowing water and they collide against the ground and against each other to break down further. Finally, they get converted into very fine particles and mix with humus to form soil. 2. Trees help in soil formation as well as in its protection. Explain. Ans: Roots of trees growing through rocks exert great pressure on the rocks. This causes cracks in the rocks, leading to weathering. On the other hand, roots of plants growing on slopy hilly areas hold soil tightly and prevents soil erosion. Thus, we can say that trees help in soil formation as well as in its protection. 3. Name the different lavers of soil. What does each layer consist of? Ans: The different layers of soil are (i) Top soil (A-horizon): Humus and the smallest particles of rock form the upper layer of soil called topsoil or A-horizon. It contains the most nutrients for plants. (ii) Sub soil (B-horizon): It is mostly made up of rock bits and some nutrients, such as soluble minerals and iron oxides. (iii) Parent rock (C-horizon): It consists of small pieces of rocks with cracks and crevices. 4. Distinguish between clay, silt and sand. Ans: (i) Clay has the smallest size of particles less than 0.002 mm in diameter. In fact, we cannot see a single clay particle. Clay feels smooth because of its small particle size. (ii) Silt has particles larger than clay, (diameter between 0.002 mm and 0.2 mm). Therefore, it is not so smooth. It can be found, for example, in a river bed. (iii) Sand has the largest-sized particles, which can easily be seen (diameter greater than 0.2 mm). They are coarse to touch. 5. What is loam? Why is it considered to be the best topsoil for growing plants? Ans: The best topsoil for growing plants is loam. Loam is a mixture of sand, silt and clay and also has humus in it. It has the right water-holding capacity for plant growth. It also has adequate spaces between the soil particles to trap air required by the roots of the plants. 6. Why is soil regarded as our most important natural resource? Ans: .(i) Soil is our most important natural resource. It is useful to us in many ways: We depend on the soil for food, clothing and shelter: By supporting growth of plants, the soil provides us with food. Much of our clothing, such as cotton and wool, can be traced to the soil. Plants also provide us with the medicines, fuel, paper and wood which is used in making furniture and for constructing houses. (ii) We depend on the soil for minerals: Industries use the minerals dug out from the earth.to extract metals, such as iron, gold, silver and so on. These are used in thousands of industries that produce various useful things for us. (iii) We depend on the soil for water: Water that seeps into the soil is stored underground as subsoil water. We use this water for drinking and other purposes 7. Why is the earthworm referred to as 'farmer's friend'? Ans: The earthworm makes burrow in the soil. This makes the soil loose thus allowing air into it and water to drain from it. Earthworm also forms channels in the soil for the root to spread through. For this reason, the earthworm is referred to as the 'farmer's friend'. E. HOTS QUESTIONS: Think and answer. 1. What effect does construction of buildings and roads have on water percolation through soil? Hence what effect would this have on the water table? Answer: Construction of buildings and roads stops water percolation through the soil. This causes the water table to go down. 2, Soil is constantly formed by weathering of rocks. Why then are we so concerned about soil erosion? Answer: Formation of 1 cm of soil by natural method may take 100 years or more. However, erosion of soil happens in a matter of days. That is why soil erosion is of great concern. 3. Why does topsoil have much more humus than subsoil? Answer: The decay of the remains of plants and animals that forms humus mostly happens on top of the soil. Therefore the humus formed remains mostly on the top soil. 4. What kind of soil is most suitable for making toys and why? Answer: Clayey soil is smooth and sticky. It does not crumble apart easily. So it is most suitable for making toys as it can be moulded into any shape without breaking.

CLASS IX English SA-2 2017 SAMPLE PAPERS

English SA-2 2017 Sample Papers 9 / IX Click to download free :- English SA-2 Sample Papers 1 English SA-2 Sample Papers 2 English SA-2 Sample Papers 3 English SA-2 Sample Papers 4 English SA-2 Sample Papers 5

Wind Storm and Cyclone science answer class7

Wind Storm and Cyclone Living science answer class7 A. Multiple Choice Questions:Wind Storm and Cyclone Living science answer class7 1. Air exerts pressure in a. all directions b. downward direction only. c. upward direction only d. sideways only. 2. Low atmospheric pressure exists on the earth in which of the following latitudes? a. at the equator only b. at 30° N and S c. at the Poles d. at the equator and at 60° N and S 3. Which of the following are not associated with cyclones? a. strong winds b. heavy rains c. tidal waves d. volcanic eruptions 4. Development and movement of cyclones are studied by the a. Indian Postal Department. b. Indian Forensic Department. c. Indian Meteorological Department. d. Central Investigation Department. 5. Which of the following states of India is most likely to be hit by a cyclone? a. Punjab b. Madhya Pradesh c. Andhra Pradesh d. Jammu and Kashmir 6. A piece of plywood is kept on a table. You have to lift it from the table by blowing air over it at very high speed from a powerful fan. In which direction will you blow air? a. in the upward direction b. in the downward direction c. sideways d. in the upward direction below the table 7. The fact that, increased wind speed results in reduced air pressure is known as a. Galileo principle. b. Bernoulli principle. c. Newton principle. d. Einstein principle. 8. Which of these best describes a tornado? a. strong thunderstorm b. the eye of a cyclone c. rotating funnel of high speed wind 10-15 km across d. rotating funnel of high speed wind 10-200 m across Ans. 1. a 2. d 3. d 4. c 5. c 6. c 7. b 8. d B. VERY SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS: Give one-word answers. 1. Does air temperature increase or decrease as you go up in the atmosphere? 2. Does air pressure increase or decrease as you go up in the atmosphere? 3. A rubber sucker pressed on flat surface sticks to the surface because air pressure inside it is __________ (more/less) than the air pressure outside. 4. The faster the air moves, the _______________ (greater/smaller) is the pressure. 5. When air expands, it rises tip. True or false? 6. Where is the air pressure higher — at the equator or at the Poles? 7. Monsoon winds flow because of uneven heating of land and _____________. 8. Lightning is an electric spark between clouds. True or false? 9. Calm conditions do not prevail anywhere in the cyclone. True or false? 10. Cyclonic winds tend to circulate around the _______________ of the cyclone. Ans: 1. decrease 2. decrease 3. less 4. smaller 5. true 6. Poles 7. sea/water 8. true 9. false 10. eye C. SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS: Answer in a sentence or two. 1. Name any four natural hazards. Ans: Four natural hazards are earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones 2. In which direction does air exert maximum pressure? Ans: Air exerts pressure in all directions. 3. The speed of wind in a region suddenly increases. How does this affect the pressure in the region? Ans: . This will reduce the pressure in the region. 4. Why does heated air rise up? Ans: When air is heated, it expands. This causes it to become lighter than the surrounding cooler air thus it rises in 5. What causes monsoon winds? Ans: Monsoon winds are caused by uneven heating of land and sea. 6. What causes lightning during a thunderstorm? Ans: Static electricity is produced due to the collisions between water droplets and ice crystals in atmosphere. This causes huge sparks between clouds or between a cloud and the ground in the form of lightning during a thunderstorm 7. Why does a cyclone become weak once it hits land? Ans: The cyclone becomes weak once it hits land due to friction with land and shortage of moisture. 8. What causes a tornado to be formed? Ans: A tornado is formed when a funnel-like column of cold air sinks down from a storm cloud. Warm air from the surface rises up, whirls around it and causes very high speed winds. D. LONG-ANSWER QUESTIONS: Answer in about 50 words. 1. Explain why a rubber sucker pressed on a smooth surface gets stuck to the surface. Ans: Rubber sucker when pressed against a flat smooth surface, forces air, out between the smooth surface and the sucker. This reduces air pressure in the space between the sucker and the smooth surface. There is greater air pressure outside. Hence, this air pressure outside firmly presses the rubber sucker to the smooth surface. 2. Describe an experiment to show that increased wind speed leads to reduced air pressure. Ans: We have to tape cotton threads to two tennis balls and hang them 2-3 cm apart from each other at the same height. Now, we should blow air between them using a drinking straw. Harder we blow, the closer the balls come to each other. This happens because, when we blow between the two balls, the air pressure between them reduces 3. a. In which direction does wind blow between the equator and latitude 30° N? Why? Ans: The wind blows towards the equator. This happens because the regions close to the equator get the maximum heat from the sun. The air near the earth's surface becomes warm and rises, producing a low pressure region. Cooler air from either side of the equator up to a latitude of about 30° rushes in to take its place. 3. b. Why does the wind swerve to one side instead of blowing straight? Ans: If the earth had stood still, these winds would have blown straight. But as the earth rotates, the winds in the Northern Hemisphere swerve to the right, and the winds in the Southern Hemisphere swerve to the left. 4. What are the hazards associated with a cyclone? Ans: The hazards associated with a cyclone are strong winds, heavy rains, tidal waves and floods. The high speed winds of tropical cyclones are accompanied by heavy rains and huge sea waves. Flooding is caused by the huge sea waves as they hit the coast, and the accompanying rain further worsens the situation. Trees get uprooted, houses collapse, and telecommunication lines get disrupted leading to heavy loss of life and property. 5. Describe the 'eye of a cyclone'. Ans: At the centre of the cyclonic storm is a calm, cloudless area. This is called the eye. Its diameter may vary from 10 km to 30 km. There is no rain here, and the winds are fairly light. 6. How is the forecasting of cyclones done in India? Ans: The Indian Meteorological Department studies the development and movement of cyclones. This is done with the help of INSAT satellite and chain of Cyclone Detection Radars (CDRs) installed along the coastal belt of India. These radars can locate and track an approaching cyclone within a range of 400 km. 7. What precautions are needed in the cyclone-prone areas? Ans: Precautions needed for the cyclone-prone regions are: (i) Listen weather bulletins regularly in radio and TV. (ii) Store enough food articles in waterproof bags. Also store safe drinking water. (iii) As soon as a warning is sounded, secure home well or move to the safer places. (iv) Do not venture into the sea. 8. Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a cyclone. Mark the direction of winds surrounding the eye. Ans: HOTS QUESTIONS: Think and answer. 1. You may have seen holes made in huge hoardings. Why are these necessary? Ans: Holes are necessary in hoardings to reduce the air pressure on them when the wind blows, as much of the air passes through the holes. 2. News item in a newspaper: 'A cyclone, that started in the desert of Rajasthan, hits Delhi today' Is the news item correct? Give reasons. Ans: No. We can not expect a cyclone to be formed in the desert of Rajasthan as it usually forms over the sea. 3. In winter, in regions near the equator, why does wind blow from land to the sea? Ans: In winter the sea near the equator is warmer than the land. As the air above the sea rises, the air above the cooler land blows to take its place. 4. Suppose the earth rotated from east to west, instead of from vest to east. How would this affect the pattern of wind circulation on the earth? Ans: If the earth rotated from east to west, instead of west to east, the winds in the northern hemisphere would swerve to the left instead of right, and the winds in the southern hemisphere would swerve to the right instead of left. 5. The figure shows wind blowing at high speed in a narrow region. Will the pressure be high or low at A, B and C? Ans: The pressure would be low at B and C. However at A, directly in the path of the wind, the pressure would be high.